Health Sciences 2610F/G Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Academic Freedom, Little Albert Experiment, Nuremberg Code
27 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Research Ethics
What kind of research
Clinical research - medications and treatments: animal ā> human trials
illness focused
patient participants
treatment/therapeutic interventions (diagnosis, treatment, prevention)
people agree because it will beneļ¬t themselves
Focus
beneļ¬cence obligations: trade oļ¬, utilitarianism framework
Harms vs. beneļ¬ts to the individual participant
Non-clinical research - psychological, toxicology
broad understanding for greater good
Non-ill participants
participate for compensation of for the greater good; may not directly beneļ¬t
Focus
Greater good
Law immediate beneļ¬t to individual
risks of harms
clinical equipoise: what is the level of uncertainty that cannot be established any
other way other than this kind of research
what is still uncertain within the scientiļ¬c community unless we do this research
people must be informed; one group get experiment and other group gets placebo
are people being left out? are these experimental methods fair?
can you exclude or include certain people by the criteria that you have
Should research participants be compensated? How much?
no, asking healthy people to take on risks for money
yes, putting self at risk so should be compensated for the risk that i take
Lessons learned
Nazi experiments - person submerged in ice cold water (doing things for hypothermia
research)
done on prisoners in concentration camps
Ethical Concerns
voluntary? not able
full voluntary informed consent? not able
coercion?
cruelty?
intentions? although suspect; harms and dignity were not considered and
risk outweigh beneļ¬ts weāve learned things about the human body since
then to help with hypothermia research
Document Summary
Clinical research - medications and treatments: animal > human trials illness focused patient participants treatment/therapeutic interventions (diagnosis, treatment, prevention) people agree because it will bene t themselves. Non-clinical research - psychological, toxicology broad understanding for greater good. Non-ill participants participate for compensation of for the greater good; may not directly bene t. How much? no, asking healthy people to take on risks for money yes, putting self at risk so should be compensated for the risk that i take. Nazi experiments - person submerged in ice cold water (doing things for hypothermia research) done on prisoners in concentration camps. Kant: no we used people as a mean to an end. Ethical concers treatment vs. observation poorly conducted - supervision invasive/pain inducements. Language - special, free treatment (people in study were not given penicillin), bad blood undue harms. 4 decades to look at it so de nitely knew what was happening uncertainty long since last.
