The Nervous System (Anatomy 3222) 09/12/2013
Organizatino
Functional Organizaion
sensory information coming in from receptors
sensory = afferent ▯ toward the brain
efferent ▯ away from the brain
Nervous Tissue
Two basic cells
Neurons
cells that carry information via electrical signaling (APs) to target cells
use syanpses
Glia
help support neurons
do not participate in synaptic interaction
provide physical and chemical support to neuron
outnumber neurons 3:1
Neurons: Cell Body
where organelles are located
Dendrites
receptor center of the neuron
primary target for synaptic input from other neurons
conducts signals towards cell body
Axon
Axon Hillock
point of departure of axon
last part of the body before it becomes true axon
Axon terminal
Distal end of the axon (arborization – bracnches out)
accumulation of neurotransmitters
Target of Anterograde (from cell body to axon terminal) transport
Originator of retrograde transport (goes back to cell body)
Trigger Zone
between axon hillock and axon ▯ where AP starts
Synapse no physical contact
synapse term
terminal bouton –
Glia
Astrocytes
Found in brain and spinal chord
contribute to blood brain barrier
important in maintaining chemical environment of neuron (secrete K)
important in maintaining physical environment scaffolding
send processes to blood vessesls – provides ability to control what is going in and out
can influence the formation of synapses – chemical and physical
Oligodendrocytes
wrap around axons and neurons in the CNS providing mylenation
increases signal conduction speed and insulation
different from schwan cells
Microglia
small scavengers of CNS – similar to macrophages
remove debris and respond to injury release inflammatory molecues
Myelinating Glia – PNS ONLY
Schwann Cells
Mylenate one neuron only
surrounds many “nonmyelinated” nerves
nodes of ranvier (non myelinated spaces) are close together
Located in PNS only!
Oligodendrocytes – CNS only
multiple processes
Coils around several axons
Nodes of ranvier spread out more
only in CNS
CNS vs PNS
CNS
Axons travel as tracts
Coricospinal tract
Myelinated by oligodendrite cells Neurons found in nuclei
PNS
axons travel in bundles called nerves
Sciatic n.
Mylenated by schwann cells
Neurons found in ganglia
Receptors
Sensation (afference)
any time there is a stimulus, internally or externally, subconsciously or consciously, that is sensation
Must be 4 conditions:
1. a stimulus capable of activating specific sensory must occur
2. a sensory receptor must convert stimulus to impulse
3. impulse must be conducted along a neural patheways
4. reigon of the brain must receive and integrate the impulse, producing sensation
Sensory Modality
a sensory neuron carries information for only one sensation only (pain receptors, temp neurons etc)
Adaptation can be come desensitized to a sensation over a prolonged period of time
Comparing The Senses
General
Somatic and visceral (aware and not aware)
Tactile, thermal, pain, proprioceptive
Receptors are often modified dendrites
Special
Receptors for unique functions
Distinct from one antoher
Embedded within complex sensory organs
Neural pathways are more complex
Sensory Receptors
Free nerve endings
Bare dendrites, just sitting in body
Pain, temperature, tickle, touch
Encapsulated nerve endings
covered dendrites pressure, vibration, touch
Specialized Cells
Receptor Location
Exteroreceptors
near surface of body (e.g skin)
stimuli external to body
information from external environment
Interoreceptors
monitor internal conditions (blood vessels, viscera)
usually not consciously percieived
Proprioeptors
info about body position – where it is in space
muscles, tendons, joints, inner ear
Tactile Sensation
Touch
fine touch
Meissner corpuscle
Merkel disc
Crude Touch Free nerve ending
Hair root plexus
Ruffini corpuscle
Pressure and Vibration
Sustained sensation
Affect larger area
Pacinian copuslce (big, large, egg shaped corpuscle near subcutaneous)
Widely distributed among the body
Thermal Sensation
Free nerve endings
Respond to
Cold : 1040 degrees c
Warm: 3248 degrees c
Pain sensation
Free nerve endings
Every tissue of the body, except the brain
Thermal, mechanical, chemical
Reffered Pain when visceral information runs along the same tracts as information from periphery
ex. There is pain in the heart and it runs along same tract as arm. Therefore brain thinks pain is coming
from arm.
Essesntially a merging of two areas into the same tract
Proprioceptive Sensations
Where our head and limbs are in space
Kinesthesia – perception of body movement
Proprioception comes from:
Postural Muscles
Tendons
Joints
Hair cells
They Adapt Slowly
Brain continuously receives positional information
Proprioceptors
Muscle Spindles
sensory nerves in specialized muscle cells
Intrafusal Muscle Fibres (lie in paralle to extrafusal) measure muscle length or stretch
regulate muscle contraction
Golgi Tendon Organ
within tendons
measures tension from contraction of muscles
Spinal Chord
split into segments
have spinal nerves coming off – have 31 in total
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacal
1 coccygeal
spine and spinal chord are not same length. Grow at the same time and rate. Spinal Chord stops growing
and spine continues.
Spinal chords and stops between L1 and L2
Below l2 is only spinal nerves
Ending of spinal chord Is called the conus medullaris (cone shaped) Below conus medullaris is the cauda equine (looks like horses tail)
Lumbar Puncture (spinal tap)
site to obtain cerebral spinal fluid
devoid of spinal chord
should obtain fluid in between L4L5
Spianl Cord Coverings
Pia Mater
Innermost layer
Adheres to surface of spinal cord (and brain)
Many blood vessels
Denticulate ligaments (projections that anchor the spinal chord where it should be)
Hard to differentiate between pia mater and vicersa
Arachnoid Matter
avascular layer
forms the subarachnoid space (where the CS Fluid is stored(
Dura Matter
outermost layer
extends into the foramen magnum to s2 vertebrae
in brain there is 2 layers of dura mater vs only 1 layer in the spinal chord Spinal Chord Spaces
Subdural Space
potential space – inbetween dura mater and arachnoid mater
should only be space if there is hemmoragin
Subarachnoid Space
Epidural Space
just outside the dura mater
Epidural
used to decrease pain (analgesia) during labour
reduces sensation
needle injected into epidural space (c
Anatomy of Spinal Segment
Posterior Median Suclus
Anterior Median Sulcus
Spinal roots coming off at each segment
There are posterior and anterior roots Roots merge to form a short spinal nerve
Collective called dorsal root ganlia – houses primary sensory
Function:
White Matter along periphery made of myelin is composed of all axons
takes sensory information from receptors to brain
motor impulses from the brain to effectors
Gray matter receives and integrates outgoing information
Grey matter:
Anterior Gray horn – somatic motor neurons
Dorsal Gray Horn – sensory neurons
Lateral Gray Horn only in thoracic section – ‘
Spinal Chord Segments
Cervical –
Flattened dorso venterally
Relatively large diameter
Lots of white matter (lots of axons)
Ventral/anterior gray horn very developed Thoracic
Small diameter
Small amounts of gray matter
Gray horns relatively small
Lateral gray horn can sometimes be seen
Lumbar
Nearly circular
Large ventral and dorsal gray horns
Less white matter than cervical
Sacral
Relatively small
Large amounts of gray matter, both ventral and dorsal
Smaller amount of white matter
Spinal Nerves
Merging of the dorsal and ventral root
Part of the PNS
Connects the CNS to receptors Pair from each spinal segment = 31pairs
Rootlets – roots – spinal nerves
Exits the intervertebral foramen
Motor signal travels down to anterior gray horn to anterior nerve rootlet to root and
Sensory information travels along nerve to spinal nerve and goes algon posterior root to posterior rootlet, to
dorsal gray horn where it forms a synapse, into the dorsal gray horn, and to the brain
Typical Peripheral Nerve
Epineurium is tissue surrounding nerve
Perineurium surrounds fascicles
Endoneurium surrounds schwann cell that surrounds axon
epineurium ▯ Perineurium ▯ endoneurium▯ schwann cell ▯ axon
The Brain and Cranial Nerves
Cerebral Hemispheres
Cerebrum made up many different grooves (sulcus) and bumps (gyrus)
Cerebrum is split into different lobes Frontal Lobe (anterior)
Parietal lobe (posterior) serperated from frontal by central sulcus
Temporal lobe (inferior to frontal and parietal) separated from frontal and parietal by lateral sulcus
Occipital lobe (most posterior)
Coverings of the Brain
On the brain, grey matter is on the outside and white on the inside (reverse from the spine)
Dura mater sits up against the skull
There are two layers of dura mater
Deeper is the arachnoid matter
Space is called arachnoid space which holds cerebrospinal fluid
Adjcacent to the brain tissue is the Pia matter (similar to spinal chord)
Protecting and Nourishing the Brain – Cerebrospinal fluid
CSF produced by choroid plexus (capiliaries) located in each of four cavities of the brain – controls what
passes through via water based fluid
network of blood capiliaries
Important for:
Prevents brain from moving around (fluid in subarachnoid space)
Fluid in the choroid plexus makes the brain more buoyat
Essentially for mechanical protection Helps with chemical protection – optimal chemical environment for signialling
Circulation –
Cavities: Ventricle System
Four ventricles in the brain
Lateral Ventricles (2) one on left and right
Separated by a thin septum called the septum pellucidum (meaning transparent)
Third ventricle – connects the lateral ventricle
Hypothalamus – has two lobes. 3 ventricle
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