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Kinesiology 1080A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Mental Chronometry, Dependent And Independent Variables

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amethystgoat421
11 Jun 2018
School
Western University
Department
Kinesiology
Course
Kinesiology 1080A/B
Professor
Matthew Heath

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Unit 3
The Scientific Method
• Goals of Science
• Understand
• Describe
• Explain
• Predict
2 types of main research
Correlation-
• Decide whether variable x and Y relate to each other. Eg- measure weight (X) and height (y)
• Doesn’t tell what causes what. Like doesn’t tell us if x causes Y
• Just looks at the relationship between two variables
Cause and Effect study
the researchers will actually manipulate a variable to see how it changes the other variable
Empiricism
• Verification by observation
o Have to do an experiment
o Proposals are subjected to a test
o Perform an experiment and obtain data
Scientific method
• Science- a process of gathering knowledge about the world
• Asking questions about the world- appropriate question is imp
• Making hypothesis about nature of things and testing these hypothesis (statement of
prediction)
• It provides a systematic approach to the research
• Science is just one way of acquiring knowledge
• Look for a properly stated hypothesis in a study
Research methods
• Experiment
o Tool for determining nature of relationship between variable
o Research is all about testing hypothesis ( confirm or disconfirm)
o Manipulate and observe effects of a variable on another variable
• Manipulate type of stimulus (visual or auditory)
• Observe effects of stimulus on reaction
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Document Summary

The scientific method: goals of science, understand, describe, explain, predict. Correlation: decide whether variable x and y relate to each other. Eg- measure weight (x) and height (y: doesn"t tell what causes what. Just looks at the relationship between two variables. Cause and effect study the researchers will actually manipulate a variable to see how it changes the other variable. Empiricism: verification by observation, have to do an experiment, proposals are subjected to a test, perform an experiment and obtain data. Scientific method: science- a process of gathering knowledge about the world, asking questions about the world- appropriate question is imp, making hypothesis about nature of things and testing these hypothesis (statement of prediction) It provides a systematic approach to the research: science is just one way of acquiring knowledge. Look for a properly stated hypothesis in a study. Independent variable: variable that is manipulated by the experimenter, observe effects of independent variable on dependent variable.

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Related Questions

Science can be defined as a systematic approach to acquiring knowledge. Science is based upon facts and evidence rather than beliefs or superstitions. To understand Biology and science, you must first examine how scientific knowledge is obtained. Science is a process that involves several steps. Read the description of the steps involved in the scientific method in the text paying close attention to the steps outlined in Section 1.3. Then pick one of the examples below and describe the steps of the scientific method you would use to test the question or find the solution to the problem. In other words, please design a virtual experiment (using the steps of the scientific method) to test the hypothesis you make about one of the questions listed below.

Be sure to identify the steps (observation, hypothesis, prediction, experiment/test, controls, results, conclusions). In your responses to each other, help each other identify the parts of the process properly so that the results can be clearly interpreted.???

Will chilling an onion before cutting it keep you from crying?

If you shake up different kinds or brands of soft drinks (e.g., carbonated), will they all spew the same amount?

Do all breakfast cereals that say they have 100% of the U.S. recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iron really have the same amount?

Are all potato chips equally greasy (you can crush them to get uniform samples and look at the diameter of a grease spot on brown paper)? Is greasiness different if different oils are used (e.g., peanut versus soybean)?

Does eating breakfast have an effect on school performance?

Do the same types of mold grow on all types of bread?

Does increasing the ethylene concentration ripen fruit more quickly?

Can you use a household water filter to remove flavor or color from other liquids?

Does the power of a microwave affect how well it makes popcorn?

Can you tell/taste the difference between ground beef, chuck, and round after they have been cooked?

Psychology of adulthood and aging;

Here is a question related to adulthood/aging that you think science can’t answer:

Does age determine adulthood?

Then you will try to demonstrate how science could answer a related question. (Change the question to): When should a person be considered an adult?

Objectives:

Students should be able to speculate as to why two variables might be correlated, identify what a correlation between variables is not telling us, and anticipate what kind of research studies could further clarify a correlation between variables.

Students should be able to define operationalization, hypothesis, and be able to describe the scientific method by which psychologists study adulthood and aging.

a-First psychological variable

b-Give it a label

c-Briefly describe this variable.

Describe how this variable can be operationalized (that is, describe exactly how you determine which category or which value of the variable applies to a particular person or situation).

Second variable that you believe is related to your first variable.

a-Give it a label.

b-Briefly describe this variable.

c-Describe how this variable can be operationalized.

Once the variables are defined, the next step is to predict the relationship between these two variables by writing a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a prediction about the relationship between two or more variables. For now, assume that there is a causal relationship between the two variables even if it would be impossible or unethical to test a causal hypothesis. This means that changing a person’s score on one of the variables (the independent variable) would cause the person’s score on the other variable (the dependent variable) to change. For example, you might say, “Increasing the amount of violent television that a person watches will cause that person to exhibit more aggressive behaviors.”

please help me answer some science questions:

Question 1: Choose all answers that correctly complete the following statement:

Science is...

Question 1 options:

A)

a set of careful steps followed in order by people in lab coats.
B)

just a collection of facts.
C)

a process of learning about the natural world.
D)

unchanging and static - once we know a scientific fact it does not change.
E)

a method that can answer any question.
F)

testing ideas with evidence.

Question 2 : "What is the meaning of life?" is a question that cannot be answered by science because

Question 2 options:

A)

it is not an interesting enough question for scientists.
B)

it involves collaboration with others to fully answer.
C)

it deals with supernatural explanations.
D)

it only has one answer.

Question 3 : Ignaz Semmelweis wanted to explain the high rates childbed fever mortality in his hospital in the 1800s. How did he use science?

Question 3 options:

A)

He wore a lab coat while in the maternity ward. He did not wear a lab coat in the rest of the hospital.
B)

He tested the idea that doctors caused the deaths by comparing mortality rates of patients treated by doctors that disinfected their hands (in between patients) with the mortality rates of patients that had dirty-handed doctors.
C)

He read a scientific journal about bacterial causes of childbed fever.
D)

He changed birthing procedures so that women gave birth on their sides and were assisted by doctors that disinfected their hands.

Question 4 : When determining which hypothesis or model to accept, scientists should

Question 4 options:

A)

choose the most popular explanation.
B)

choose the hypothesis supported by evidence.
C)

go with their favorite hypothesis (as long as it's still shiny).
D)

support the most recent hypothesis to be proposed as a plausible explanation.

Question 5: What happens when new evidence does not support a current scientific hypothesis (or current understanding of a natural phenomenon)?

Choose all that are correct.

Question 5 options:

A)

We should re-evaluate the current understanding and possibly reject past ideas based on the new evidence.
B)

The scientific community labels the scientist that collected the evidence as an unreliable quack.
C)

Scientists throw out the new evidence since obviously the experimental design must be flawed.
D)

Scientists should test the idea in a novel way (inspire new ideas) to determine if the new evidence is consistent with a new understanding.

Question 6: To gain entrance to the Science club, you should:

Question 6 options:

A)

fabricate your data often to support your favorite hypothesis.
B)

take all the credit for yourself.
C)

check all the boxes on the science checklist. If you miss even one, you're denied your scientist ID card.
D)

behave scientifically (preferably in a lab coat).

Question 7 : Choose all the answers that correctly complete the following statement:

Scientists interact with the scientific community by...

Question 7 options:

A)

speaking at conferences.
B)

locking themselves in ivory towers.
C)

being inspired by other scientists and testing their ideas in new and novel ways.
D)

only listening to NPR (National Public Radio) on Science Fridays.
E)

publishing in science journals.

Question 8: Which of the following questions CANNOT be answered using the scientific method?

Question 8 options:

A)

How does migration affect the reproductive success of monarch butterflies?
B)

Should local communities invest money in sustainable farming practices instead of new infrastructure (e.g., roads and bridges)?
C)

How does coastal development affect wetland biodiversity (number and types of organisms present)?
D)

Is water a toxic substance?
E)

Do pesticides cause developmental changes in frogs?

Question 9 : Choose all of the following answers that correctly completes the following statement:

Representing the scientific method in a linear, cookbook sequence:

Question 9 options:

A)

incorporates the important concept of testing ideas with evidence
B)

does not capture how science really works.
C)

is too simplified.
D)

incorrectly implies that there is an endpoint to science. (If the scientific method is a simple progression, once a valid conclusion is reached, science is done!)