Microbiology and Immunology 2500A/B Lecture : Plague

40 views4 pages

beigereindeer807

21 Sep 2012

School

Western University

Department

Microbiology and Immunology

Course

Microbiology and Immunology 2500A/B

Professor

C.Y.Kang

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

Incubation of 2-6 days, death in about 2-4 days. Patients experience sudden onset of fever, chills, headaches, muscle pain, weakness. Painful swellings (buboes) of the lymph nodes in the armpits, legs, neck, or groin. High fever, delirium and mental deterioration, large blackish pustules that burst, vomiting of blood, bleeding in the lungs. Discovered independently by alexandre yersin and shibasaburo kitasato in 1894. Pestis pestilence (contagious or infectious epidemic disease) Causes death in 2-4 days by sepsis and/or overwhelming pneumonia with respiratory failure. Samples of teeth from the bodies that carried the plague were taken dna was extracted from the teeth of these victims. Genome of y. pestis was sequenced from teeth thus, y. pestis did cause the black death. Organisms live in rodents and are transmitted by fleas. A zoonotic pathogen diseases that are transferred from animals to humans are known as zoonotic pathogens. Y. pestis causes blocking in the flea.

Related Questions

Provides substantial and thoughtful response, reflection â in-depth and detailed for the following post. Please don't copy past from the web

Yellow Fever â Another Reason to Hate Mosquitos

Out of the blue one day you begin to run a fever. The fever expands into loss of appetite and vomiting. A few days later, the vomiting continues and you develop jaundice; you even begin to bleed from your mouth, nose, and eyes. Eventually you die. This is the experience of 7% of the individuals who are infected by Yellow Fever (WHO, 2017).

Yellow Fever is a preventable disease that is spread through mosquitos. The disease has the potential to kill its victim (WHO, 2017). It has an inexpensive vaccine that provides a lifelong immunity to the disease (WHO - French Guiana). As of 2016, there have been reported outbreaks of Yellow Fever in six countries; three in Africa, and three in South America (Yellow Fever in Africa and the Americas, 2016).

According to the World Health Organization, Yellow Fever is spread through mosquitos. A mosquito bites an infected carrier (either a person or monkey). The same mosquito then bites an uninfected person or monkey and spreads the disease to that individual. Yellow Fever will incubate in the new carrier for three to six days before symptoms begin to show. The symptoms begin as body aches, fever, nausea and vomiting. It is at this point that the disease is often misdiagnosed as other illnesses and diseases such as poisoning, malaria, hepatitis, etc. Within another three to four days, most patients improve. However, 15% of infected patients will progress to a second stage of symptoms that are much more severe. This stage exhibits symptoms such as jaundice, continued vomiting, and even bleeding out of the mouth, nose, and eyes. The patientâs kidney functions deteriorate and half of these patients will even die (WHO, 2017).

Thankfully, there is a vaccine for Yellow Fever. The vaccine requires ten days to become affective and it will last the entire life span of the patient. The only issue is getting the vaccine to the affected areas and raising awareness of the disease and the vaccine to the population in that area (WHO - French Guiana).

A 2017 report in the Weekly Epidemiological Record, says that in 2016, the world saw six countries where there was a Yellow Fever outbreak. The three African countries where the outbreak occurred are Angola, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Africa had 130 confirmed deaths from Yellow Fever as a result of that outbreak. The death rate was 13.4% of the confirmed cases; this is about double the expected death rate (Yellow Fever in Africa and the Americas, 2016). This high death rate might be attributed to the poor sanitation and lack of access to medical treatment in those areas. According to the World Health Organization, the only way to treat Yellow Fever is with hydration, antibiotics, and supportive care for respiratory failure (WHO, 2017). These treatments are likely less common in East-Central African countries.

The other three countries listed in the 2017 report were in South America. These countries are Brazil, Columbia, and Peru. There were less cases of Yellow Fever in these countries when compared with Africa, but the death rate was a shocking 28.2% (Yellow Fever in Africa and the Americas, 2016)! The same reasons for the high death rate likely apply to these countries as well (poor sanitation and lack of access to medical treatment).

Yellow Fever is a preventable disease that has a simple method of exposure. Most of its victims do not die, and it is currently limited to countries where the mosquito population is less controlled and there is limited access to medical treatment. The World Health Organizations advice is to limit travel to countries where a Yellow Fever outbreak has occurred, but if a person does travel there, they should receive the vaccine ten days prior to their travel. Additionally, the World Health Organization stresses limiting exposure to mosquitos. The World Health Organization proposes that the citizens in these areas should be educated on the disease and its vaccine (WHO - French Guiana). By following these instructions, Yellow Fever should likely be contained to a few countries throughout the world, and possibly even eradicated one day.

References:

Yellow Fever in Africa and the Americas, 2016. Weekly Epidemiological Record, 32, 442-452. Retrieved fromhttp://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy195.nclive.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=1b24418c-8c06-466d-8578-4bd75e665959%40sessionmgr104

World Health Organization (August 30, 2017). Yellow Fever âFrance-French Guiana. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/csr/don/30-august-2017-yellow-fever-french-guiana/en/

World Health Organization. Yellow Fever. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/csr/disease/yellowfev/en/

violetdinosaur513

Provides substantial and thoughtful response, reflection â in-depth and detailed for the following post. Please don't copy past from the web

Tetanus; infamously known as lockjaw. This disease is found worldwide. Non-communicable diseases that will literally make your muscles tighten. Tetanus is not your typical disease. It is not spread person to person but through scraps, cuts, or any open wounds that break the skin. The incubation period for the disease is anywhere from 3-21 days depending on the wound and how contaminated the object was. The bacterium enters through these wounds and attacks the body affecting mostly the muscles. Most cases occur in people who are not vaccinated or do not maintain their boosters. Boosters are needed every ten years to prevent the disease. Although we cannot prevent injuries that cause the body harm we can prevent the disease from affecting our bodies through vaccination administration.

Tetanus cannot be tested but is diagnosed by physical examination conducted by a licensed physician. The diagnosis is based off physical examination and the reports from the patients about the symptoms they are experiencing. Some of those symptoms include; seizures, body aches, muscle spasms, jaw cramping, difficulty swallowing, headaches, fever, sweating, changes in blood pressure, and changes in their heart rate. Other complications can develop depending on a person's individual health and health history.

The best way to prevent Tetanus is by preventing it with the Tetanus vaccination and the boosters that are needed every ten years. This vaccination could be administered by a number of ways. There are four different types of combinations that include the Tetanus vaccination; Diphtherias & Tetanus (DT), Diphtherias, Tetanus, & Pertussis (DTaP), Tetanus & Diphtherias (Td), and Tetanus, Diphtherias, & Pertussis (Tdap).Tetanus is administered at six weeks old, ten weeks old, and fourteen weeks old. Boosters are given three different times during childhood to keep the children up to date on vaccinations that prevent the disease. People affected by Tetanus are not immune to getting Tetanus again like some other known diseases.

According to the CDC (Center for Disease Control) in their article about Tetanus they reported that Tetanus cases have been on the decline by more than 95% because of the increase in vaccinations being distributed worldwide. The CDC also reported that deaths in the United States are on the decline and have declined more than 99%. According to WHO (World Health Organization) in 2016 there are only 13, 502 reported cases globally. They also reported that 86% of the world is covered by the Tetanus vaccination. According to the World Health Organization there are currently 8 countries in the world that have 50% of their population affected by Tetanus. The other 50% are reported to have received their Tetanus vaccination. Majority of those countries are found in the middle of Africa. There are currently 27 countries in the world that 50-79% of their population who have received their vaccinations. There are also 130 countries that have over 90% of their population who have been vaccinated.

Tetanus is a vaccine preventable disease in which everyone can be affected by. Vaccinations are currently a controversial topic everywhere. Vaccinations play an important role in helping prevent disease like Tetanus.

References:

1. About Tetanus. (article). Retrieved September 1, 2017 from https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html

2. Tetanus. (article). Retrieved August 30, 2017 from www.who.int/immunization/diseases/tetanus/en/

silverraven404

Nursing Questions:

A patient with a peripherallyinserted central catheter (PICC) line develops a fever andincreased white blood cell count. The nurse anticipates that thehealth care provider will order:

Identify the following hormones that control fluid balance:

a. Pituitay

b. Adrenal

If hypotonic solution is given intravenously to a patient, thefluid will move into cells.

True_____ False_____

The nurse is calculating the patients intake and output for thelast 8 hours. During this time, the patient consumed 1 cup ofgelatin, Â½ cup of juice, 1 cup of water, and 1 cup of tea. The IVinfusion started with 750 mL in the bag, with 125 mL remaining atthe end of the shift. The urinary output was 340 mL and there was30 mL of drainage from the nasogastric tube.

Cup = 8 oz

What is the patients intake and output?

I = __________ O = ___________

Which of the following is/ are most likely to lead to a fluidvolume deficit? Select all that apply.

a. vomiting___

b. heart failure____

c. corticosteriod administration____

d. fever____

e. increased sodium intake____

f. diuretic administration_____

When selecting a site to start an IV, the nurse should beginwith the site that is:________

The IV site is located in the right antecubital space. The nursenotes that the rate flucuates when the patient flexes his rightarm. The nurse should:

Identify the correct order of the following steps for theremoval of an IV.

a. Turn off the rollar clamp____

b. Remove the IV catheter_____

c. Remoce the dressing____

d. Record the fluid infusion____

e. Inspect the tip of the IV catheter____

f. Perform hand hygiene and apply clean gloves_____

g. Place gauze over the site and apply light pressure____

The nurse is preparing the IV fluid infusion. What should bechecked when looking at the IV fluid?

In preparing to adminster a blood transfusion, what are thecritical assessments that need to be made?

It is suspected that the patient is experienceing hypokalemia.Identify all the signs that support this assessment. Select all theappy.

a. Bilateral muscle weakness_____

b. Positive Chvostekâs sign______

c. Bradycardia_____

d. Diminished bowel sounds______

e. Tetany_____

f. ECG adnormalites_____

The IV site is swollen, pale, and cool to the touch. The nurseidentifies this as:

a. phlebitis

b. infiltration

c. local infection

d. allergic response

A hypotonic IV solution is expected to be administered to apatient who is experiencing

a. hypernatremia

b. hypocalcemia

c. hypervolemia

d. hypokalemia

A patient espresses to the nurese that the tradtional Western orAmerican practices are used in the home for health promotion. Thenurse expects that the patient will use:

a. acupuncture

b. guided imagery

c. aromatic therapy

d. over the counter medications

When working with an interpreter for a patient who speaksanother lanuuage, the nurse should:

a. direct questions to the interpreter

b. expect word for word translation

c. ensure that the interpreter speaks the patientâs dialect

d. ask the interpreter to evaluate the patients nonverbalbahaviors

lavenderkoala678

Microbiology and Immunology 2500A/B Lecture : Plague

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

Microbiology and Immunology 2500A/B Lecture 2: Lecture 2 - The Black Death

Microbiology and Immunology 2500A/B Lecture 13: Lecture 13 - The Black Death

Microbiology and Immunology 2500A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Alexandre Yersin, Plague Doctor, Abdominal Pain

Related Questions