Pathology 3500 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Cell-Mediated Immunity, Adaptive Immune System, Innate Immune System

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Lecture 006: Immune Response

Innate Immunity

● Exists at birth

● Cellular response

● Does not require prior-recognition events/learning

Adaptive Immunity

● Acquired through exposure to antigens

● antibodies

● Cell mediated

● Has long term memory

● Able to protect us when we are exposed to the pathogen the second time

Inflammation

● Components of the inflammatory process:

○ WBC

■ Important in both the innate and adaptive response

■

○ Plasma proteins in the blood

● The inflammatory reactions goal is to bring these to the site of infection and/or tissue

damage

○ Cytokines and chemical are there to bring these cells (normally circulating in the

bloodstream) to the site of infection (in the tissue)

● Inflammation is induced by chemical mediators produced by damaged host cells

○ Cytokines and other mediators

■ Switch on other inflammatory process

● Immune response has to be controlled and self-limited

○ Has to be balanced!

■ Immune system can cause harm otherwise

● Ex. shock (a negative effect)

○ Other immune response dampen the effects of the cytokines so that you can get

a measured immune response

Innate immune system

● First to respond (rapid)

○ Does not require memory

● Limit infections before adaptive response

● Macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN)

○ Go immediately to the site of infection

○ Engulfs and kills pathogens

● Also involves complements and acute phases

● If innate immunity cures infection, no adaptive immunity develops

○ Never evokes that system

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Adaptive immune system

● Cell-mediated immunity

○ Induced antigen specific responses

● Primary lymphoid organs produce lymphocytes capable of responding to various

antigens

● Lymphocytes circulate in peripheral lymphoid organs

● Locations for Ag-dependent immune response

● Innate: T-cells recognizes viral antigens on infected cells and attacks it

○ Then other parts develop an immune memory to that antigen

○ Recognize that antigen if you are reinfected

■ Stimulate production of antibodies

○ This is the adaptive system

Blood Cell Development

● Starts from a stem cell in the red bone marrow

○ Differentiates into

■ Lymphoid progenitors

■ Myeloid progenitors

Lymphoid progenitors: cells that develop into lymphocytes

Large lymphocytes:

● Natural killers cells

○ Part of the Innate immune

system

○ Can recognize foreign

antigen on YOUR cells

■ Viral infection, etc

○ Attack and kill them

○ Also recognize foreign

tissues

■ Transplant rejections

Small lymphocytes:

● T-lymphocytes

○ Produced in the bone marrow

(like all WBCs)

■ But goes to the

thymus to differentiate

into T-lymphocytes

○ Help in the immune response

■ Interact and switch on macrophages

■ Interact with B-cells, help stimulate the produce of antibodies

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● B-lymphocytes

○ Store the immune memory

■ Long lived

■ Carry receptors on their surface that recognize previously exposed

antigens

○ When it binds to an antigen it differentiates into a plasma cell

● plasma cell

○ Make antibodies for a specific antigen

○ Protects against reinfection

Myeloid progenitors: all the rest of the blood cells

● Megakaryocytes

○ thrombocytes -> platelets

■ Band-aids

■ Blocks bleeding

● Erythrocytes (RBCs)

○ No nuclei

○ Lots of hemoglobin

○ Bind and carry O2 from lungs to tissue

● Myeloblast (progenitor of white cells)

○ Have multiple nuclei (3-4) that join

together

■ Basophil

■ Neutrophil

■ Eosinophil

○ Monocytes (in circulation)

■ Only one nuclei (that looks like

a kidney)

■ Called macrophages when in tissue

● Mast cells

○ Functions the same as basophil

Granulocytes

● 3 multi-nucleated WBCs

● All contain cytoplasmic granules

● Named according to their granule stain

○ Neutrophil (neutral dye - pink)

○ Eosinophil (acidic dye -orange)

○ Basophil (basic dye - blue)

Basophil and Mast cells

● Most important activators of inflammation

○ Because they have preformed granules that contains histamines

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Document Summary

Able to protect us when we are exposed to the pathogen the second time. Important in both the innate and adaptive response. The inflammatory reactions goal is to bring these to the site of infection and/or tissue damage. Cytokines and chemical are there to bring these cells (normally circulating in the bloodstream) to the site of infection (in the tissue) Inflammation is induced by chemical mediators produced by damaged host cells. Immune response has to be controlled and self-limited. Other immune response dampen the effects of the cytokines so that you can get a measured immune response. Go immediately to the site of infection. If innate immunity cures infection, no adaptive immunity develops. Primary lymphoid organs produce lymphocytes capable of responding to various antigens. Innate: t-cells recognizes viral antigens on infected cells and attacks it. Then other parts develop an immune memory to that antigen. Recognize that antigen if you are reinfected.

Related Questions

Host Defenses Activity

Our ability to fight off infection is three fold. Below is a list of terms that deal with our defenses. Match the definition with the terms on this sheet and then fill in the attached diagram with the terms below.

Host Defenses

1st Line of defense ___G_
2nd line of defense ____
3rd line of defense ____
Innate, nonspecific immunity____
Acquired, specific immunity____
T lymphocytes____
Complement____
Physical barriers____
Phagocytosis____
Chemical barriers____
Inflammatory response____
Fever____
B lymphocytes _____

Matching Definitions

A. immunity present at birth, provide nonspecific resistance to infection
B. Adaptive immunities: Immunity that develops after the interaction of antigens with the immune system
C. Many different types, involved in cell-to-cell contact or CMI
D. barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry
E. Protective cells and fluids; inflammation and phagocytosis
F .Acquired with exposure to foreign substance; produces protective antibodies and creates memory cells
G. Skin and mucus membranes
H. Bile, stomach acid, skin pH, lysozyme
I. Surveys tissue and discover microbes and dead or injured cells and removes them
J. 26 blood proteins that work to destroy bacteria and viruses
K. Rubor, tumor, calor, dolor
L. Initiated by circulating pyrogens which reset the hypothalamus to inhibit the growth of microbes
M. Responsible for AMI and production of antibodies

How did inoculation with cowpox generate immunological memory and provide protection against smallpox? Did cross-reactivity play a role?

How did Pasteurâs work with attenuated (weakened) bacteria further our understanding of the role vaccination can play?

What are the three characteristics that define an adaptive immune response? Briefly define each of the characteristics.

Define primary versus secondary immune response.

Whatâs the difference between totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent and oligopotent when evaluating cell differentiation capacity?

What is hematopoiesis?

What cell types are derived from myeloid versus lymphoid progenitor cells? Describe the function of each WBC type.

What is clonal selection?

What role do antibodies play with regard to antigen recognition and immune defense that is different from what Tcrs provide?

As described in class generally understand the outcome of B cell, Th cell, and Tc cell activation. Understand that these cells can differentiate into effector (plasma cells, cytokine producing Th cells and CTLs) or memory cells.

Understand how granzymes and perforins play a role in apoptosis.

Which types of cells typically express MHC Class II? Do these cell types also express MHC Class I, and if so why?

With regard to Tc and Th cells, what kinds of peptide antigens (think about exogenously versus endogenously derived antigens) are recognized?

Be able to show cooperation between Tc, Th and B cell responses (refer to class notes).

What is the overall role of MHC Class I and II?

What is ADCC and what cell types are involved?

Understand and be able to provide examples highlighting the cooperation between innate and adaptive immunity. Note: ADCC and dendritic cell and macrophage interactions with Th cells illustrate examples of innate/adaptive cooperation.

What are the primary lymphoid organs? What role do they play?

What role does the lymphatic circulatory system play in immune defense?

Whatâs the difference between plasma, ISF, and lymph?

Whatâs the difference between afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels?

How is lymph ultimately delivered back to blood?

Define extravasation. Why is this important?

What are HEVs and what role do they play?

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues/organs?

What role do lymph nodes play?

What role does the spleen play?

What is Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency?

Whatâs MALT and its role?

What is the inflammatory response and what are characteristics associated with inflammation?

What role does histamine play in the inflammatory response?

limereindeer400

HI HELP PLEASE I NEED ANSWERS TO ALL QUESTIONS PLEASE THANKS

1. during inflamation fluid will passively diffuse out of blod vessels into the nearby infected tissue. This implies all of the following EXCEPT

a.the osmolarity of the fluid surrounding infected tissues is higher than the plasma b the surrounding tissue will swell with excessive fluids c near by cappilaries have become more pearmeable d B-lymphocyte will differeniate to become plasma cell

2. which of the following best describe the qualities of most antigens?

a macromolecules that are foreign to the host b atomic elements that are not normally present in the human body c macromolecules tah tare produced by the host organism d atomic elements that are harmful or toxic

3. an adbantages to adaptive immunity is

a its memory cell that provide quicker larger and more efficient immune response upon second exposure to an antigen b its need for several cells to be activated over several days on first exposure c the ability for its individul cells to respond to many differnt pathogens d the use of antibodies that cause cells lysis and kill invading cells

4, an advantages of innate immunity is

a its a barrier taht prevent pathogens from entering into the body b the specifcity of its individual cell which specialize in the removal on one type of antigen c the numerous step in the activation of its cell that can prevent autoimmune disease d the use of the antibodies to cause cell lysis and kill invading cell

5. B- lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune sys for all of the following reason but one Which of the following is NOT one part of reason B lyphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity?

a they produce memory cell when activated b their receptors will bind to only one antigen c they require costimulation from an activated T helper cell d thet are a first line of defense that can begin killing

6. Over lap in the innate and adaptive immune sys is seen in all of the following examples but one Which of the following examples does NOT illustrate the over lap of innate and adaptive immune resposes ??? adendritic cell presenting antigen on their MHC II proteins to T helper cells b macrophage becoming activated macrophages in response to cytokines realesed by T helper cells c natural killer cell causing of an abnoraml host cell lacking MHC proteins d Plasma cell that produce large amounts of IgE that will ultimetly allow mast cell to relase histamine

7. Which of the following examples below describe an autoimmune disease? a infection and death of T helper cells bya virus resulting in a loss of adaptive immunity b realse of bacterial endotoxins that block acetylcholine realse result is muscle paralysis c antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of hte motor end palte resulting in muscle weakness.d uncontrolled cell division resulting in cell surface abnormalities recognized by natural killer cell.

8. Which of he following does NOT describe actions of interferon IFN? a virally infected cell can release interferon which attracts natural killer cell to attack and kill the IFN secreting cell b IFN binds to normal uninfected cell stimulating the activation of genes that produce anti viral proteins c IFN will attract macrophages to the secreting cell to be removed bt phagocytosis d IFN can penetrate the virla capsid and destroy the virus

Pathology 3500 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Cell-Mediated Immunity, Adaptive Immune System, Innate Immune System

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