Pharmacology 2060A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Logarithmic Scale, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics

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teallion850

24 Oct 2018

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Pharmacodynamics dose response relationships: pharmacodynamics is the study of what the drug does to the body, remember that pharmacokinetics is what the body does to the drug. In pharmacodynamics we study the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms by which drugs produce effects. In therapeutics it is important to combine knowledge of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in order to provide optimal pharmacotherapy. In the pharmacokinetics section you learned that increasing the dose of a drug results in increased plasma concentrations. For this reason we usually look at the dose response curve as a semi- logarithmic plot. We choose the drug and dose that are therapeutically effective with the fewest side effects: health care professionals often titrate the dose of a drug. Start with a low dose of the drug and slowly increase the dose while monitoring the patient"s response: patients response will vary between people and it"s the most important thing in therapeutics.

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Exercise Pharmacology

Chapter 1

1. Distinguish between pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacology.

2. How would you determine a drugâs doseâresponse curve?

3. What is meant by drug efï¬cacy? Potency?

4. How would you determine equipotent doses for two drugs of the same class?

5. What features of a drugâs action may make its pharmacokinetic properties more sensitive to exercise?

6. How might a drugâs volume of distribution be altered in the case of a person who is obese? A person who is elderly?

7. How might you explain an antagonist with partial agonist activity?

8. What are some of the ways that taking a second drug can affect the activity of the ï¬rst drugâor either drug?

Chapter 2

1. Bill is 60 years old and in reasonable shape. Working out on an elliptical machine, Bill sees that his heart rate is 135 bpm. Can you determine his ap-proximate exercise intensity without hooking him to a metabolic cart? What is he primarily burning for energy?

2. Your mother asks your advice about starting an exercise program. She is in pretty good health, but wants to drop some weight besides improving her cardiovascular health. What kind of exercise plan would you recommend to get her started? How would you explain to her the beneï¬ts of such a plan? After the initial couple of weeks, would you recommend any changes that might help her with her long-term ï¬tness goals?

3. Compare and contrast the three major muscle ï¬ber types in terms of their metabolism and fuel preference.

4. You are a graduate student working in an exercise physiology lab. You see a claim in a bodybuilding magazine about a supplement that rapidly increases power, strength, and muscle mass. How would you set up an experiment to test whether these claims are true?

5. Obesity is now considered by some to be reaching epidemic proportions. What is contributing to this trend, and what can be done?

Chapter 3

1. Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

2. What is meant by allostatic load, and how does it differ from stressing over a single test?

3. Explain three ways drugs can affect the signals transmitted by nerve cells.

4. How might exercise lessen the effects of stress?

5. Describe some of the theories that attempt to explain the bodyâs paradoxical response to exercise.

6. What are the key physiological changes that occur during the ï¬ght or ï¬ight response? How do they help in survival?

Chapter 4

1. What is meant by âbeta-blockers with ISAâ? What advantages might these drugs have? Disadvantages?

2. What property makes some beta-blockers cardio selective?

3. What are the effects of beta-blockers on exercise physiology?

4. A serious walker (5 miles/day) notices that she has stopped losing weight since starting her new prescription of propranolol (non-cardio selective, without ISA). She also fatigues more quickly than she used to. What can you offer her as an explanation?

5. The NCAA and USOC have banned beta-blockers from many types of com-petition. Why?

Chapter 5

1. Bill, a deconditioned, recently divorced 50-something exec driving that new BMW, wants to drop some weight and look good. He has high blood pressure. What kind of exercise regime would you recommend?

2. Why do calcium channel blockers mostly affect smooth muscle, with little effect on skeletal muscle?

3. How do calcium channel blockers reduce blood pressure?

4. Mary enjoys running and likes to compete in 10K races and half marathons. She also is diagnosed with high blood pressure. What are her options for regulating her blood pressure while maintaining a training schedule and remaining competitive?

5. How do ACE inhibitors affect blood pressure?

6. How do ARBs affect blood pressure?

brownalpaca148

Can anyone help me with the following questions, it is due tonight and im having a hard time figuring most of these out and in-between a couple of answers. Thanks!

1. Which of the following is the PRIMARY goal of risk assessment?

A. maximize profit

B. balance risks and benefits

C. reduce liability

D. determine lethal doses

2. The probability of an adverse outcome based on the exposure and potency of a hazardous agent is known as the:

A. toxicity

B. risk

C. hazard

D. margin of safety

E. therapeutic index

3. Risk Assessment includes all the following, except:

A. risk characterization

B. exposure assessment

C. dose-response assessment

D. hazard identification

E. cost-benefit analysis

4. The process of making risk information understood by local officials, community groups and other stakeholders is known as:

A. risk management

B. risk characterization

C. risk communication

D. risk perception

E. risk estimation

5. The Hazard Identification step in the risk assessment paradigm may include which of the following:

A. in vitro testing

B. structure-activity relationships

C. animal bioassays

D. epidemiologic data

E. all of the above

6. A basic premise of carcinogen risk assessment is that:

A. surface area is proportional to body weight

B. chemicals that cause tumors in animals will cause tumors in humans

C. all dosing regimens are equivalent

D. all animal strains are relevant

7. The Point of Departure (POD) for a low-dose extrapolation could be which of the following:

A. NOAEL

B. LOAEL

C. BMDL

D. none of the above

E. all of the above

8. The benchmark dose (BMD) approach is preferred over the NOAEL/LOAEL approach for all the following reasons, except:

A. the full dose-response curve is considered

B. it includes a measure of variability

C. the same benchmark response be used across studies

D. it results in lower reference values

9. A biochemical change, functional impairment, or pathologic lesion affecting an organismâs performance, and reducing its ability to respond to environmental challenges is known in risk assessment as the

A. point of departure

B. benchmark dose

C. adverse effect

D. carcinogenic effect

10. When there is a cancer risk of 1 in 10,000, this is considered to be of

A. high concern

B. moderate concern

C. somewhat low concern

D. no concern at all

11. Which toxicant is commonly found in indoor air due to off-gassing of plywood and furniture?

A. arsenic

B. lead

C. methylene chloride

D. dioxin

E. formaldehyde

12. Which if the following was NOT an event in the United States that triggered widespread awareness of environmental issues in the 1960s?

A. Relocation of families from Love Canal in Niagara Falls, NY

B. Cuyahoga River catching on fire in Ohio

C. Publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson

D. Nationwide federal ban of smoking cigarettes in bars and restaurants

13. The study of the fate and effects of chemicals in the environment is the definition of: A. Environmental toxicology

B. Ecotoxicology

C. Environmental health toxicology

D. Risk assessment

14. An example of an area source of air emissions would be:

A. A volcano

B. A moving car

C. A gas station

D. A power plant

15. Which of the following is considered to be âgood up high and bad nearbyâ?

A. Ozone

B. Carbon monoxide

C. Carbon dioxide

D. Sulfur dioxide

16. Which of the following water disinfectants is safest from the perspective of not producing any known DBPs?

A. Chlorine

B. Chloramine

C. Ozone

D. UV

17. The most significant anthropogenic source of carbon monoxide would be classified as a:

A. Point source

B. Area source

C. Mobile source

D. Natural source

18. According to Genius (2006), what do some scientists believe is the most frequent cause of childhood cancer and leukemia?

A. Pharmaceuticals in drinking water

B. Exposure to diuretics in utero

C. Prenatal exposure to carbon monoxide and other industry emissions

D. Neonatal exposure to polyvinylchloride (PVC) plastic

19. In the Genius (2006) article, what did the scientists who published in the journal Science discover about the possible transgenerational impact of exposure to environmental toxicants in pregnancy?

A. Epigenetic mechanisms may permanently alter the germ-line and genetic traits of offspring of an exposed individual

B. Epigenetic changes die out after three successive generations of offspring

C. Epigenetic changes only occur when a toxicant is an endocrine disruptor

D. Epigenetic changes never take place when the toxicant is a pesticide or fungicide

20. According to the article by Chemnick and Climatewire (2013), âSoggy Vancouver Island in British Columbia has become an unlikely new home for Cryptococcus gattii, a tropical and subtropical yeast-based fungus.â What health effect does this yeast-based fungus have on humans when it is inhaled?

A. None

B. Triggers asthma attacks

C. Causes a kind of meningitis

D. Eventually leads to lung cancer

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Pharmacology 2060A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Logarithmic Scale, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics

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