Physiology 3140A Lecture : Physiological Genomics Condensed notes from class, including extras from slides and mentioned in class!

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16 Oct 2011

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Physiological genomics: genetic control of cell physiology. Cellular physiology: trying to understand how cells function. Mammals have hundreds of different cell types, each with unique biological roles and specialized properties. These differences (shape, size, function) have to be taken into account when studying cell function. Most of the neurons in the brain no longer proliferate. Two main processes required for a mature, healthy organism. For each cell doubling this information must be duplicated in the process of dna-replication. Replication coupled to cell division through cell cycle. Cell division, including equal distribution of dna into the two daughter cells, occurs in the m phase (mitosis) M and s phases separated by two gap phases, g1 (cell decides what to do next; proliferate/differentiate, die, or not do anything) and g2 (prepares for mitosis) Nothing much goes on in g phases g2 shorter than g1 most decisions make in g1, but g2 can make emergency decisions too.

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Situations arise in engineering when we want to control the flow rate of a solution. This solution could be pumped into a holding tank, distillation column, heat exchanger, reactor, etc. This means that the flow rate becomes a function of time. When we turn on a pump, the flow rate is (for the most part) constant. The problem is that we may want the flow rate to be very fast at first, and then very slow towards the end of the process. This is especially true in certain chemical reactors where the concentration of reactants is always important. Control systems that could handle this type of situation are very expensive. Pumps (relatively speaking) are cheap. So, having a bank of pumps will usually solve the problem. The pumps are simply turned on or off to regulate the flow. Mathematically, this amounts to taking the volumetric flow rate function and finding a piecewise-linear approximation. Suppose that, because of the application we are running, we need a flow rate given by the function ,where t is in hours and v(t) is in 100 cubic feet per hour (e.g., v(0)=1 which means that at time t=0, we need a flow rate of 1*100=100 cubic feet per hour). Find a linear approximation and a piecewise-linear approximation using first two lines and then three lines. Think about what using more lines would do to the approximation. You will need to find suitable values of t to be able to find your approximation. As a further exercise, try to find values of t for your approximation that keeps the error (i.e., the difference between the approximation and the real function v(t) ) less than 0.1.Hint: to help with this, ask yourself this question: where would more lines be useful - where the function changes a lot or where the function changes a little?]

2. Imagine that you are driving down a stretch of freeway with aposted speed limit of 65 miles per hour. You arenât sure whether totrust your speedometer, so you check your speed against a series ofdistance markers along the interstate. You notice that, in the timeit takes you to count to ten, you pass the 0.2 mile mark. Yourspeedometer, marked in intervals of 5 mph, reads 65 mph.
a. Are your speedometer and your measured speed the same to withinthe uncertainty of your measurements? Assume a Â±0.5 s uncertaintyin your count; the mile markers have a 1% uncertainty in theirposition. Also recall the difference between standard deviation anduncertainty in the mean. [Note: DO NOT DO THIS ANALYSIS WHILEDRIVING!] Show all of your work.
b. You have just propagated the uncertainty in your ten secondcount through a series of calculations that involved multiplicationand then subtraction. (If this wasnât what you did, check yourwork!) You did this to test a hypothesis: that the speedometerreading was equal to your measured speed. Describe another,different situation where you might need to propagate theuncertainty through a series of simple calculations to test ahypothesis.
c. Letâs say that your uncertainty in your 10-second count was Â±1%.Would you be able to tell that you were speeding? Show your workclearly and interpret your results.
d. Letâs say that your uncertainty in your 10-second count was Â±1second. Would you be able to tell whether you were speeding? Showyour work clearly and interpret your results.

Physiology 3140A Lecture : Physiological Genomics Condensed notes from class, including extras from slides and mentioned in class!

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