Political Science 1020E Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Civic Nationalism, Ethnic Nationalism, Totalitarianism

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Fascism was the major political innovation of the 20th century, and the source of much of its pai(cid:374). (cid:863) robert paxton, the anatomy of fascism. Milan, spring 1919: violence, murder: first meeting when mussolini declared war on socialism. Invaded offices of the newspaper and destroyed the printing press. Attack on socialism and the rule of law: in the name of the nation. Clubs, churches, individual universities: everyone is under state control, demanding total loyalty to the state reactionary, reaction against reason, against humanism, universalism, reaction against liberalism. Cult of leadership: (cid:271)ased o(cid:374) the leader"s (cid:272)haris(cid:373)a. Mass mobilization through a monopolistic political party: no independent political parties. Destruction of all intermediate organizations (such as trade unions) Abolition of privacy: specifically, the family, what the citizen should do rule of law replaced by arbitrary violence, source of weakness. Counter-enlightenment: enlightenment - liberal movement, science, progress fascism is strongly anti-liberalist and anti-intellectualist.

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