03/13/2014
Key question
How much of personality reflects nature, and how much nurture, and how much
integration in shaping human characteristics?
Behavior genetics
Studies the role of genes in social behavior & personality
Genetic bases of personality (The human genome)
The genetic heritage of each human being, the human genome, is contained in a
molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
DNA consists of roughly 20,000 genes contained in 23 pairs of chromosomes
In each chromosome pair, one set comes from the mother; the other from the
father
The human genome
A gene is the region of DNA that influences a particular characteristic in an
organism
99.9% of human genes are the same for everybody (2 eyes, 2 arms etc.)
The remainder makes all the difference and the individual distinctive genetically
the genome provides the options, but the biological and social environment
determines which options become activated
Twin Studies
Most of what is known about genetics and personality comes from twin studies
The twin method compares identical (monozygotic MZ) vs. fraternal (dizygotic,
DZ) twins under various rearing conditions
MZ twins share 100% of the genetic code
DZ twins share about 50%, like any other pair of siblings
Results of twin studies Loehlin & Nichols studied nearly 800 pairs of adolescent twins and found that
identical twin pairs are much more alike than fraternal twin pairs
The big five
Twin and adoption studies also suggest some genetic influence for
agreeableness, conscientiousness and culture
Temperament
Traits that are visible in early childhood and seem to be significantly influenced
by genetic endowment
E.g. emotionality, or emotional reactivity is the tendency to become easily
physiologically aroused and to experience frequent and intense negative
emotions such as anger, fear and distress
Sociability is the degree to which the person seeks to interact with others and to
be with people
Activity is defined with regard both to the vigor or intensity of responses and
their tempo or speed
Inhibition: reaction to unfamiliar persons or events with restraint, avoidance and
distress
Kagan’s research questions:
How early do differences in inhibition emerge in the life course?
How stable are these differences over time?
Are there biological bases for these differences?
Kagan found that early differences in inhibition endure
4 month old children were videotaped and scored reacting to novel stimuli
they were grouped by temperament into inhibited (20%), unhibited (40%) and
mixed (40%)
at ages 14,24 and 54 months, inhibited children continued to react to novel stimuli
with fear and avoidance
the inhibited infants grew up to be less inhibited preschoolers If their mothers
were not overly protective, stability is influenced by environment
Beliefs, tendencies and attitudes
Twin studies also found a substantial genetic influence on
Traditionalism a conservative (as opposed to liberal) attitude on diverse topics Aggressive tendencies
Altruistic tendencies
Tesser (1993) – attitudes which are more heritable are harder to change and more
important in determining the person’s judgments of interpersonal attraction
Romantic love & marriage
Twin studies suggest that patterns in romantic love are almost completely due to
the environment, particularly in the family, and essentially unaffected by genetic
influences
Twin studies by Johnson and colleagues found, however, that the tendency to get
married is genetically influenced
Twins reared apart
To separate the role of genetics and environment researchers compare identical
twins reared together vs. identical twins reared apart
Twins who grow up in different environments show dramatic similarities in
mannerism, postures, attitudes, interests and life histories
Bouchard, tellegen, et al. found heredity in twins reared apart attributing 70% of
individual differences in intelligence and 50% of general personality to heredity,
with negligible family environment influences
Beyond selfreport measures
Some of the similarity between identical twins on self report measures may
reflect similarities in how they report
But researchers found that peer ratings correlated 0.55 with self report ratings on
big five personality measures
An observational study of MZ and DZ twins found that genetics also account for
approximately 25% of if…then… behavioral signatures
The heritability index
Heritability index (h)= percentage of variation that is attributable genetic factors
H for each personality variable is
H=[correlation(MZ) – correlation(DZ)]x2
E.g. the correlation for selfreported extraversion in MZ twins was .56 and in DZ
twins it was .28 (see previous table) so the heritability index for extraversion is
H= (.56 .28) x 2 = .56
The heritability index Heritability estimates are limited to the specific population that was studied
Similar interests and values in identical twins may reflect similar abilities and
physical characteristics rather than genes for personality
High heritability coefficients
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