Psychology 3130A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Ego Depletion, Motivation, Blood Sugar
22 Jun 2018
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Chapter 8/Week 11: Context, Motivation, Mood (Dual-Process Theory of Thinking)
Situations affect thinking
- Mood affects thinking (positive vs. negative experiences can affect how people make decisions, reason,
and think)
oPositive mood – associated w/ openness and flexibility
oNegative mood- associated w/ narrower focus of attention
The Dual Process Account
-System 1 (Instinct/Intuition)
oFast, Intuitive, Associative Parallel and automatic
oEvolutionary primitive form of cognition
shared across many animal species
oanimals have innate responding and instinct and learned associations – not seen as thinking
oNot a single system but a cluster of cognitive and behavioural subsystems and processes that
operate independently with autonomy
oAssociative learning system – reward system whereby a positive outcome strengthens
connections between neural responses and a non-positive outcome does not strengthen the
association
oCog processes in system one is automatic, take place outside conscious access and are not
amenable to cognitive appraisal
Only the final output of these processes is available to consciousness
-System 2 (Reasoning/Logic)
oSlower, Verbal, Reason Based Serial and Deliberate (can override System 1)
oEvolved in humans much later than system one
oMediated by linguistic processes
oCarried out in a serial or sequential fashion rather than parallel processing of system 1
oSlower, more deliberate and limited in capacity
oAble to carry out abstract thinking that is not possible in system 1
-Experimental evidence for the dual process account
oBelief task bias (Evans 2003, 2008: Evans & Stanovich)
Participants presented with different kinds of syllogisms that display different degrees of
conflict between the output of the two systems (sets up conflict between both systems)
System 1 fast retrieval from memory
System 2 is based on logical reasoning
First kind of syllogism: no conflict on which the argument was both valid and believable
Premise: no police dogs are
vicious
Premise: some highly trained
dogs are vicious
Conclusion: therefore, some
highly trained dogs are not
police dogs
Conflict syllogism:
Premise: no nutritional things are inexpensive
Premise: some vitamin tablets are inexpensive
Conclusion: Therefore, some vitamin tablets are not nutritional
Structure is logically valid such that the conclusion is able to be drawn
unambiguously from the stated premises
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