Psychology 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Sympathetic Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System
13 May 2018
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Department
Course
Professor
Emotion and Motivation
Basic Biological control
• motivation
• what is it that makes organisms do what they do
• there are control mechanisms that make steady state sin our body
• they do positive and negative feedback
• negative - decrease something
• psotivie - increase something
• detecting levels and increasing or decreasing them
• basic biological control
1. orienting responses or taxes
• overall musculature responses toward a stimulus (positive taxes) or away
from a stimulus (negative)
• ex. a moth increases its speed of flying when going towards a light
• it is good if there is food there but bad if the light source is a bug killer
• Slugs have negative taxes
• they move away from a gravity source
• homeostatic mechanism
• maintaining something at a constant state
• lots of them within the body
• things are maintained at a constant state alls he time for example
temperature
• self regulation
• homeostatic mechanisms
• need to look at functioning of ANS
• division of the peripheral nervous system
• the autonomic nervous system breaks down into the parasympathetic and the
sympathetic nervous system
• they work against each other
• activating the sympathetic deactivates the parasympathetic
• parasympathetic nervous system
• conserves
• shuts body down
• decelerated heart rate
• slows down breathing
• stimulation of peristalsis
• digest food
• vasodilation
• blood vessels increase in diameter therefore losing heat
• sympathetic nervous system
• activates the body
• gears the body up for action
• accelerated heart rate
• inhibition of peristalsis
• increased muscle contractions in stomach
• increased breathing rate
• vasoconstriction
• blood vessel shrink therefore conserving heat
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• activation of the ANS leads to a state of arousal
• Cannon pointed out that arousal can lead to a vegatative state
• emergency reaction - what needs when you have to respond to something
really fast
• activation of the SNS
• this leads to stimulation of the adrenal medulla (endocrine gland)
• adrenaline occurs because epinephrine is realized into the system
• heart rate and breathing rate increases
• breakdown glucose - need energy
• release of norepinephrine and dopamine
• result
• heightened state of arousal
• detect with polygraph
• species specific behaviour
• related to emotion
Some Effects of Arousal
• Hess and Polt
• when people were looking at interesting slides and he looked at their eyes there
pupils dilated
• pupil dilation may be related to arousal
• Hess suggests you get pupil dilation for positive images and constriction for negative
images
• emergency situations
• importance of :
• stimulus intesity
• avoid intense stimuli
• stimulus novelty
• prefer the familiar
• like things staying the same
• Berlyne’s Set point theory
• all of us have a fixed set point of arousal
• everyones is different
• whatever your baseline is if I have a moderate increase of decrease you find that
pleasurable
• change is pleasurable as long as they are moderate
• they ahem to excite or relax you a bit
• at high levels and low levels of arousal you don't experience pleasure at all
Emotion - James/Lange - Theory
• Darwin: expression of emotion intensifies experience
• Freud: expression of an emotion reduces experience
• Tourangeau and Ellsworth
• subjects who are highly aroused showed little expressiveness
• this support Freud
• but most studies support the Darwin theory
• Common sense theory
• emotion provoking events leads to perception(danger) which leads to perception of
emotion (fear)finally bodily arousal
• James/Lange theory
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find more resources at oneclass.com
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