Sociology 2256A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Penology, Criminology, Retributive Justice

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Understanding crime in based on time and space, culturally and temporally specific. : an act, or omission, that violates the criminal law and is subject to a legal response that is sanctioned by the state. : formal means by which society attempts to protect the public and define guidelines for public order and stability. Prescribed (want to see) and proscribed (deviant) norms are more universally accepted. Perceptions are shaped by context and are in flux. Limited knowledge for general public~ rooted in media. Formal responses to crime (us) vs. informal sanctions (japan) 18th century, age of enlightenment~ shift away from corporal punishment into imprisonment. Jeremy bentham, cesare beccaria, david hume, john howard . Hedonistic calculus~ bentham, maximize pleasure and minimize pain, act in a way that does so. Reason for crime: no painful association, think they can get away with it or it is worth it, leniency, social disorder.

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