BI110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Autocrine Signalling, Lactone, Lipid Bilayer

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4 May 2017

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Cells use signaling molecules and receptors to communicate. Molecular signals received by cells that have receptors tuned to specific signals (aka - some cells respond to some signals, other cells respond to other signals, every cell does not respond to every single) Only cells that have receptors tuned to specific signals can respond to those signals. When a signal binds or is recognized by a receptor cellular response: Changes in gene expression protein synthesis (most common) Metabolic reactions can be regulated (turned on or off/ increased or decreased) Movement (of cell or organelles cholorplsat- or organism) Cells communicate with one another through: direct channels of communication. Gap junctions (animal cells) spread of electrical signals between cells in cardiac muscle. Plasmodesmata (plant cells: specific contact between cells. Cell adhesion molecules integral membrane proteins that bind cell to one another or to extracellular matrix: intercellular chemical messengers ***

Related Questions

Second messengers play an important role in cellcommunication.

Which of the following best describes their role?

		None
		integrate, amplify and distribute messages throughout thecell
		Release messages to other cells?
		Receive information at the cell surface

What is true of disulfide bonds?

	a.	They often occur in the cytosol
	b.	They are a noncovalent bond
	c.	They are formed enzymatically in the ER
	d.	They act as reducing agents
	e.	they increase protein flexibility

Which of the following is NOT an example of a cell communicationmolecule?

		nucleases
		nitric oxide
		hormones
		kinases

What is true of binding pockets?

	a.	They only occur in the membrane
	b.	They occur in unfolded proteins
	c.	They contain electrostatic interactions
	d.	They contain variable amino acids
	e.

What is true of cell signaling?

	a.	Extracellular signals transduced by rectors always alter cellbehavior very quickly
	b.	Some cells require cell signals just to survive
	c.	Cell signals can be interpreted differently by differentcells
	d.	B and C only
	e.	All of the above (A, B and C)

Histone tails can be modified to change the shape and"tightness" of the nucleosomes. Acetylated histones result in whicheffect?

		Open DNA
		increased transcription
		closed DNA
		decreased transcription
		1+2
		1+4
		3+4
		2+3

Shifting the two bound tRNA from the A and P sites to the E andP sites of the ribosome involves:

	a.	The movement of the small ribosome subunit down the mRNAchain
	b.	The degradation of the A site on ribosome
	c.	The synthesis of the E site on the ribosome
	d.	The movement of the large subunit relative to the smallsubunit
	e.	All of the above

Intracellular signaling pathways are awesome! What is the onething they can NOT do?

	a.	relay the signal, to spread it through the cell
	b.	nothing, they can communicate any cellular need
	c.	distribute the signal to more than one effector protein
	d.	integrate the signal from more than one cellular pathway
	e.	Amplify the signal received, making the signal stronger

Specificity of protein/protein and protein/DNA binding isdetermined by what?

		Non-covalent bonds
		Hydrophobic interactions
		Covalent bonds
		shape of the binding site
		all of the above
		none of the above
		1,2,3
		1,2,4
		1,3,4

The coiling structure of the DNA into chromosomes is achieved bywhat?

		alpha helix
		beta pleated sheets
		chaperone proteins
		DNA/Protein complexing

Which regions (s) of the DNA are found in the final protein?

	a.	poly-A tail
	b.	A and B
	c.	Exons
	d.	UTRs
	e.	Introns

Metabolic processes can be turned "on" and "off" by chemicalmodifcation.

Which chemical modification do we associate with changing theactivity of an enzyme in a transient/non-permanent manner?

		Phosphorylation
		Ubiquitination
		Methylation
		Acetylation

DNA hybridization involves attaching a florescent dye towhat?

	a.	Antibody
	b.	Nuclear stain
	c.	Probe DNA
	d.	tRNA
	e.	rRNA

sapphirecrocodile239

________30. If you are investigating the inner structure of a new cell and see that it has a significantly larger amount of RER than other cells. You would conclude the cell does a great deal of____?
A. ATP synthesis

B. protein synthesis
C. DNA synthesis
D. active transport
E. polysaccharide hydrolysis

________31. If a cell comes in contact with a toxic substance such as H2O2, it could survive as long as it has a ___ to digest it.
A. DNA
B. peroxisome

C. mitochondria
D. phospholipids
E. intermediate filaments

________32. Some cells have structures to help them withstand osmotic pressure. For example,
A. Plant cells due to their walls
B. Animal cells due to the sodium/potassium pumps

C. Bacterial cell due to their swimming

D. Viruses due to their protein coats

________33. Evolution occurs only as a cell ____.

A. They undergo mitosis
B. Change in their gene pool
C. They move from one habitat to another

D. They begin to eat different foods

________34. Ribosomes are produced in the

A. nucleoli.
B. chromatin.
C. nuclear envelopes.

D. Golgi complex. E. cisternae.

________35. Algae are often green, but there are red and brown species also. What accounts for this difference in color?
A. The chlorophyll of chloroplasts
B. The pigments in other plastids

C. The presence of a mitochondria
D. The accumulation of cellular wastes

________36. The chloroplast and other like prokaryotes have which of the following that helps with photosynthesis?
A. They live in water based environments
B. They have chloroplasts in their cytoplasm

C. Change color in the dark vs. the sun
D. They have photoreceptor proteins in their membranes or mesosomes.

________37. Located in the membrane, we see a set of proteins called receptors that only connect with or bind to specific substances. This is called __.
A. ligand specificity.
B. hormone selectivity.

C. cell tonicity.
D. water saturation. E. signal resolution.

________38. Of the following statements, we could say that ___ is false.
A. All organisms are composed of cells and cell products.
B. An organism's structure and all of its functions are due to the activities of cells.
C. The cellular organelles are the simplest structural and functional unit of life.
D. Cells come from preexisting cells.
E. Cells are made from nonliving components including the nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm.

________39. If it is really true that our cells are the smallest anatomical unit that meets all of the properties of life, then which of the following could imply otherwise?
A. vacuoles
B. centrioles

C. Golgi apparatus
D. mitochondria
E. endoplasmic reticulum

________40. Oxygen is an absolute need for animal and plant cells alike due to the ___.

A. RER
B. Mitochondria
C. Lysosomes

D. DNA

________41. In a plasma membrane, we expect to see the carb/protein structures to extend into the ___, but the secondary messengers to move within the __.
A. extracellular fluid; cytosol
B. cytosol; extracellular fluid

C. intracellular fluid; cytosol

D. cytosol; intracellular fluid

E. extracellular fluid; plasma

________42. Bacteria are found in all of the following habitats:

A. Caves
B. Oceans
C. Animals

D. Everywhere on Earth

________43. Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. Solution A has a higher concentration of an impermeable solute compared to solution B. Which of the following do you expect would happen?
A. solute will move from solution A to solution B

B. solute will move from solution B to solution A

C. water will more from solution A to solution B

D. water will move from solution B to solution A E. no movement of solute or water will occur

________44. In the kidney, we notice that almost all of the cells involved in the production of urine have high concentrations of the Na+/K+ pump. Which typically works to push Na+ ___ its concentration gradient by using ___.
A. up; active transport

B. up; facilitated transport
C. up; cotransport
D. down; active transport
E. down; facilitated transport

________45. In the charts of a patient recently admitted to the hospital noted that he was taking a medication called lithium and high doses of calcium supplements. Given this, we would expect the patientâs liver to have a higher than normal amount of __ to purify out the lithium and calcium.

A. lysosomes.
B. centrosomes.
C. mitochondria.
D. peroxisomes.
E. rough endoplasmic reticulum.

________46. We have long observed that our neural cells in the brain cannot replicate or replace themselves due to the lack of ____.
A. produce ATP.
B. divide.

C. produce enzymes.
D. secrete material across their plasma membrane E. conduct electrical signals.

________47. An organismâs structure and function is ultimately due to the structure and function of itâs __.
A. Organs
B. Tissues

C. Cells

D. Nuclei

BI110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Autocrine Signalling, Lactone, Lipid Bilayer

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