BI110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Atp Synthase, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Lactic Acid

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12 Dec 2017

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Atp synthase: atp synthase converts the energy of the proton gradient into the energy of. Atp: atp synthase is a molecular machine that is composed of 2 subunits, f0 and. F1: energy converted to kinetic energy from rotation movement, the f0 subunit forms a channel that rotates as protons pass through it, the f1 subunit then uses this rotational energy to catalyze the synthesis of. Lactic acid fermentation: nad+ produced in fermentation is used in glycolysis, glucose to 2 pyruvate to 2 lactic acid, glycolysis and redox reaction. Ethanol fermentation: nad+ produced in fermentation is used in glycolysis, glucose to 2 pyruvate to 2 acetaldehyde to 2 ethanol. Evolution of etc and oxidative phosphorylation: early cells evolved mechanisms to pump protons out of the cell, powered by. Atp and electron transport: eventually, electron-transport-powered pumps became efficient enough to run the atp-driven pump in reverse.

Related Questions

Why does an electron have lower potential energy in an H-O bondthan in an O=O bond?

H has a higher electronegativity than O.

O=O is not stable.

O=O contains a double bond.

The electrons are closer to the oxygen atom in the H-O bond.

None of the answers are correct.

How is the energy from the electron transport chain used mostdirectly?

to form the bonds of a water molecule

to pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial inner membraneinto the mitochondrial intermembrane space

to join ADP with a phosphate

to decompose glucose into pyruvate

to rotate ATP synthase

Which process provides the energy needed to pump protons acrossthe mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation?

the transfer of electrons in redox reactions

the breakdown of ATP to ADP

the rotation of the ATP synthase rotor

oxidation of isocitrate

None of the answers are correct.

What causes the ATP synthase rotor to spin?

the passing of electrons through ATP synthase

the movement of protons across the mitochondrial membrane

the movement of electrons across the mitochondrial membrane

the synthesis of ATP from ADP and a phosphate group

None of the answers are correct.

What of the following generates the proton-motive force duringoxidative phosphorylation?

buildup of NADH molecules at protein complex I

movement of H⁺ ions across the mitochondrial membraneduring electron transport

rotation of the ATP synthase rotor

joining of H⁺ ions with oxygen to form water

None of the answers are correct.

Suppose a microorganism invades a cell, causing damage to ATPsynthase. How would cellular respiration be affected?

Electrons could not be passed down the electron transportchain.

ADP could not be joined with a phosphate to form ATP.

Hydrogen ions could not be pumped into the mitochondrialintermembrane space.

The cell could not release any energy from the glucosemolecule.

Glucose could not be broken down into pyruvate.

Which molecules transport electrons from the citric acid cycleto the electron transport chain?

NADH and FADH₂

ATP and ADP

GTP and GDP

oxaloacetate and citric acid

None of the answers are correct.

Which type of reactions control the energy release from glucoseduring the citric acid cycle?

acid-base reactions

redox reactions

random reactions

All answers are correct.

None of the answers are correct.

What is the role of NAD⁺ in cellular respiration?

to receive electrons from the citric acid cycle and deliver themto the electron transport chain

to catalyze the synthesis of ATP from ADP

to accumulate in the mitochondrial intermembrane space tofacilitate ATP synthesis

to serve as a substrate to bind to acetyl-CoA at the beginningof the citric acid cycle

None of the answers are correct.

10.

Which molecule enters the citric acid cycle?

glucose

pyruvate

ATP

acetyl-CoA

None of the answers are correct.

apricotgoose897

A catabolic pathway would predictably result in the
A) reduction of a sugar.
B) synthesis of a macromolecule.
C) breakdown of a macromolecule.
D) breakdown of an atom.
2.
The drug Ritonavir is used to treat people with HIV/AIDS. It worksby binding to the active site of HIV-1 protease, an enzyme used bythe AIDS virus to create new proteins for production of newviruses.Once bound, the HIV-1 protease cannot produce proteins.Ritonavir can be classified as a(n)
A) competitive inhibitor.
B) allosteric inhibitor.
C) activator.
D) non-competitive inhibitor.
3.
During cellular respiration, __________ is the final electronacceptor that allows the regeneration of the cellâs supply of NAD+.In fermentation, ____________ is the final electron acceptor forNAD+ regeneration.
A) pyruvate / lactic acid
B) pyruvate / oxygen
C) ethanol / CO2
D) oxygen / pyruvate
4.
Which of the following clues would tell you if a cell isprokaryotic or eukaryotic?
A) whether or not the cell carries out cellular metabolism
B) the presence or absence of ribosomes
C) whether or not the cell is partitioned by internalmembranes
D) whether or not the cell contains DNA
5.
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is an allosteric enzyme that regulatesglycolysis. When cellular concentrations of ATP and citrate become__________, this enzymeâs activity decreases. When cellularconcentrations of AMP become ________, the enzyme isactivated.
A) high / high
B) high / low
C) low / high
D) low / low
6.
______________ is an enzyme that can utilize the free energy in thehydrogen gradient (voltage) produced between the inner and outermembrane of the mitochondrion. The enzyme uses this energy toproduce ________.
A) ATP synthase/ ATP
B) PFK/ ATP
C) PFK/ glucose
D) ATP synthase/ ADP
7.
ATP is able to do cellular work because it
A) has a high energy phosphate bond that can be hydrolyzed torelease energy.
B) converts light energy into chemical bond energy.
C) contains the sugar ribose, which can provide additional energyfor a cell.
D) its hydrolysis is endergonic.
8.
A solution of starch at room temperature does not readily decomposeto form a solution of simple sugars because
A) the starch solution has less free energy than the sugarsolution.
B) the activation energy barrier for this reaction cannot besurmounted.
C) the hydrolysis of starch to sugar is endergonic.
D) starch hydrolysis is nonspontaneous.
9.
A person exposed to toxins would have more activity in their___________compared to an unexposed person.
A) lysosomes
B) Golgi bodies
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
10.
Which of the following statements about fermentation is true?
A) The function of fermentation is to regenerate the fermentingcells' supply of NAD+.
B) Fermentation allows a fermenting cell to gain more energy perglucose molecule than a non-fermenting cell.
C) Fermentation produces either lactic acid or ethanol that thefermenting cell can use as an energy source.
D) Fermentation is a universal process that occurs in all cells andall organisms.
11.
A glucose molecule is completely broken down to carbon dioxide andwater in glycolysis and the citric acid (Krebs) cycle, but togetherthese two processes yield only a few molecules of ATP. Whathappened to most of the energy that the cell obtains from theoxidation of glucose?
A) It was lost as heat.
B) It is stored in the carbon dioxide and water molecules releasedby these processes.
C) It is stored in the ATP that was formed by glycolysis and thecitric acid cycle.
D) It is stored in NADH and FADH2
12.
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that
A) entropy tends to increase in a system.
B) entropy tends to decrease in a system.
C) energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
D) the quality of energy in the universe is decreasing.
13.
The endosymbiotic theory states that _______________ evolved as aresult of a symbiotic relationship between different types ofbacteria. _____________ is thought to be the selective factor thatmade this symbiosis advantageous.
A) mitochondria / A change in the Earthâs atmosphere from anaerobicto aerobic
B) endoplasmic reticulum / A decrease in the amount of foodavailable in the environment
C) chloroplasts / A change in the Earthâs atmosphere from aerobicto anaerobic
D) lysosomes / A decrease in the amount of food available in theenvironment
14.
A mutation in a fruit fly affects one of the proteins that pumphydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane; thismutation makes that particular protein function less efficiently.When comparing aerobic cellular respiration in this fly with awild-type fly, you would predict that the mutant fly would
A) produce less ATP than a wild-type fly.
B) show no difference in ATP production when compared to awild-type fly.
C) produce more ATP than a wild-type fly.
D) not be able to produce any ATP via aerobic cellularrespiration.
15.
Proteins that are destined to be exported from the cell have unique_________________ that are recognized by signal recognitionparticles and thus moved to the _________________ duringtranslation.
A) phosphofructokinases / nucleus
B) codons / rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) signal recognition sequences / rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) signal recognition sequences / free ribosomes
16.
During the Krebs cycle
A) NADH is oxidized.
B) ATP is produced.
C) pyruvate is produced.
D) Acetly CoA gains a carbon to form pyruvate.
17.
Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen toproduce CO2 and water release free energy?
A) Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinityfor electrons (such as C) to atoms with a higher affinity forelectrons (such as O).
B) The electrons have a higher potential energy when associatedwith water and CO2 than they do in organic compounds.
C) The covalent bond in O2 is unstable and easily broken byelectrons from organic molecules.
D) The covalent bonds in organic molecules and molecular oxygenhave more kinetic energy than the covalent bonds in water andcarbon dioxide.
18.
In a chemical reaction, if ?G is negative, it means that thereaction is
A) exergonic, and work needs to be done for the reaction toproceed.
B) exergonic, and work can be done with energy released from thereaction.
C) endergonic, and work needs to be done in order for the reactionto proceed.
D) endergonic, and work can be done with energy released from thereaction.
19.
The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from a(n) ___________reaction.
A) ADP + P --> ATP
B) endergonic.
C) exergonic.
D) anabolic
20.
Glycolysis
A) involves catabolic reactions and ATP is produced.
B) involves anabolic reactions and ATP is produced.
C) involves catabolic reactions and creates energy.
D) involves anabolic reactions and creates energy.

BI110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Atp Synthase, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Lactic Acid

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