BI111 Lecture Notes - Lecture 89: Sepal, Capillary, Flower Flower

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Biology Unit 3 study notes

Biology: the study of life and living organisms

• Structure, function, growth, origins, interactions

Life: no simple definition that can describe life

• The 7 Characteristics of life

1. Are made of cells; cells are the smallest unit of life, single cell organisms have all

tools that they need to survive

2. Have organization; living things must be able to organize simple substances into

complex ones

Living things organize cells at several levels:

o Tissue: a group of cells that perform a common function

o Organ: a group of tissues that perform a common function

o Organ system: a group of organs that perform a common function

o Organism: any complete living thing

3. Use energy (metabolism); living things take in energy and use it for maintenance

and growth

4. Respond to environment; living things will make changes in response to a stimulus

in their environment (a behavior is a complex set of response)

5. Growth; to get bigger in size (more and bigger cells)

6. Reproduce; the process of producing a new organism of the same type (sexual or

asexual reproduction)

7. Adapt through evolution; process that allows species to become better adapted to

their environment over time (cactus in a desert)

Microscope: tool used in study of biology; works to produce magnified image of an object

Resolution: telling the difference between objects close together

Contrast: being able to tell difference between objects and their background (background

to show what you are looking at)

3 types of microscopes:

1. Compound light microscope:

• Light passes through object

• light then passes through which magnify image (max magnification

2000x)

2. Electron microscope

• Uses beam of electrons instead of light.

• Transmission electron microscope max mag.150 000x

• Scanning electron microscope max mag. 300 000x

3. Scanning probe microscope

• Uses a physical probe to map the surface of an object

• Magnification can beat the atomic level

The discovery of cells:

• Robert Hooke came up with the word CELL and the first microscope of 50x

• Spontaneous generation: life coming from nothing, for example mice and maggots

appeared and fish reappear after winter

• CELL THEORY(because Louis Pasteur did not believe in spontaneous generation)

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➢ 3 basic components to cell theory

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells

2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things

3. All cells are produced by the division of pre existing cells

Field of view: is the entire area that you see when you look through the ocular lens.

Cell division: the splitting of a cell into two identical cells (needed for: growth, repair,

reproduction)

Cell Cycle: cells go through phases of dividing and not dividing (most of the time a cell is

doing its normal cell job)

Interphase:

• A cell spends 90% of its time in interphase (cell is growing)

• 3 phases of interphase:

G1-1) growth phase

S- synthesis phase(DNA is copied)

G2- 2nd growth phase (centrioles made)

Mitosis:

• The process in cell division where nucleus divides and copies of DNA are moved to

new cells

• 4 stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

1. Prophase: chromosomes are shorter and fatter, nuclear membrane

disappears, centrioles move to poles of cells, spindle fibers start to form,

nucleolus is gone

2. Metaphase: spindle fibers pull doubled chromosomes into the middle of the

cell (they line up), even amount of chromosomes in each cell

3. Anaphase: spindle fibers pull apart the doubled chromosomes and move

them towards the poles of the cell (chromosomes are splitting), if spindle

fibers make a mistake putting to much or too little chromosomes in a cell it

will turn to down syndrome.

4. Telophase: chromosomes reach poles of the cell, nuclear membrane starts

to reform, chromosomes lengthen, cytokinesis begins (cytokinesis: the

division of the cytoplasm), 2 new identical cells

The importance of DNA: (deoxyribonucleic acid) is located in the nucleus of the cell

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• A strand of DNA is called a chromosome(humans have 46 chromosomes in each

cells)

• DNA in each cell is identical (it codes for characteristics, structure and function

of cells)

Cell: basic unit of life for all living things

Organelle: any structure found in the cytoplasm of a cell that has a specific form and

function

Nucleus: control center organelle of the cell

Cell wall: surrounds and protects the cell membrane of a plant cell

Cell membrane: holds and protects the contents of plant and animal cells in place

Cytoplasm: Jelly like substance that fills the cell and surrounds the organelles

Chromosomes: Genetic material and proteins found in the nucleus of the cell; only visible

in mitosis

Mitochondria: oval shaped organelles that produce energy for the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum: Organelle responsible for the transport of materials in the cell

Lysosome: a small organelle that is filled with enzymes that break down large molecules

Golgi Apparatus: It receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum; Organelle that sorts

and packages protein molecules for the cell

Vacuole: An organelle that can store water, sugar, minerals and proteins for the cell

Chloroplast: The organelle that contains the green pigment chlorophyll, used in

photosynthesis

Nucleolus: The production and assembly of proteins (ribosome components)

Ribosome: organelle that assembles proteins; is attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

or free in the cytoplasm

Cancer: when a healthy cell does the wrong job, then cell division happens (cancer spreads)

Why cancer cells are bad:

• Lose ability to function as a normal cell

• Undergo increased rates of cellular division

• Have high rates of metabolism (steal resources from other cells)

• Crowd out healthy cells

• Do not attach well to other cells (cancer spreads)

Tumors:

1. Benign (non cancerous)

• Enclosed in a shell

• Take up space

• Might interfere with surrounding tissues or blood

2. Malignant (cancerous)

• Not usually contained

• Invade and emit claw like protrusions that disrupt the normal cell

function of other cells

Types of cancers:

1. Carcinomas- cancer of skin and lining organs

2. Sarcomas- cancer of connective tissues (bones and muscle)

3. Lymphomas- cancer of lymph nodes

4. Leukemia- cancer of bone marrow and blood

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Document Summary

Biology: the study of life and living organisms. Biology unit 3 study notes: structure, function, growth, origins, interactions. Microscope: tool used in study of biology; works to produce magnified image of an object. Resolution: telling the difference between objects close together. Contrast: being able to tell difference between objects and their background (background to show what you are looking at) 3 types of microscopes: compound light microscope, light passes through object light then passes through which magnify image (max magnification. 2000x: electron microscope, uses beam of electrons instead of light, transmission electron microscope max mag. 150 000x, scanning electron microscope max mag. 300 000x: scanning probe microscope, uses a physical probe to map the surface of an object, magnification can beat the atomic level. Field of view: is the entire area that you see when you look through the ocular lens. (cid:1865)(cid:1857)(cid:1856)(cid:1873)(cid:1865) (cid:1868)(cid:1867)(cid:1857) (cid:1858)(cid:1857)(cid:1864)(cid:1856) (cid:1856)(cid:1865)(cid:1857)(cid:1872)(cid:1857) (cid:1864)(cid:1867) (cid:1868)(cid:1867)(cid:1857) (cid:1858)(cid:1857)(cid:1864)(cid:1856) (cid:1856)(cid:1865)(cid:1857)(cid:1872)(cid:1857) = (cid:1864)(cid:1867) (cid:1868)(cid:1867)(cid:1857) (cid:1865)(cid:1859)(cid:1866)(cid:1858)(cid:1855)(cid:1872)(cid:1867)(cid:1866) (cid:1865)(cid:1857)(cid:1856)(cid:1873)(cid:1865) (cid:1868)(cid:1867)(cid:1857) (cid:1865)(cid:1859)(cid:1866)(cid:1858)(cid:1855)(cid:1872)(cid:1867)(cid:1866)

Related Questions

It's a quiz for my life science class.

QUESTION 1

Organisms that have descended from the same initial group and have the ability to interbreed belong to the same

	A.	species.
	B.	family.
	C.	class.
	D.	genus.
	E.	order.

5 points

QUESTION 2

The simplest entity that exhibits all of the properties of life is called a(n)

	A.	molecule.
	B.	cell.
	C.	organism.
	D.	tissue.

5 points

QUESTION 3

In populations, adaptation usually arises through

	A.	responsiveness.
	B.	heredity.
	C.	metabolism.
	D.	natural selection.
	E.	development.

5 points

QUESTION 4

Scientists have found that ancient fossils

	A.	are less similar to present-day organisms than more recent fossils.
	B.	are just as similar to present-day organisms as more recent fossils.
	C.	are more similar to present-day organisms than more recent fossils.
	D.	are very similar to present-day organisms.
	E.	bear no resemblance to present-day organisms.

5 points

QUESTION 5

What is the term that describes the study of the relationship between living things and components of their environment?

	A.	herpetology
	B.	analogy
	C.	zoology
	D.	ecology
	E.	ichnology

5 points

QUESTION 6

Characteristics usually associated with life include all of the following except:

	A.	motility.
	B.	a high degree of organization.
	C.	lack of change from generation to generation.
	D.	reproduction.
	E.	responsiveness to stimuli.

5 points

QUESTION 7

The scientific name for the black-footed ferret is Mustela nigripes. The name Mustela indicates the _____________________ to which the organisms belongs.

	A.	phylum
	B.	class
	C.	family
	D.	species
	E.	genus

5 points

QUESTION 8

Which of the following is considered to be the most basic living unit?

	A.	organ system
	B.	molecule
	C.	organelle
	D.	cell
	E.	tissue

5 points

QUESTION 9

Which of the following concepts best describes the wide variety of dog species we observe, ranging from the domesticated golden retriever or the basset hound, to the wild dogs of Africa, to foxes?

	A.	preadaptation
	B.	special creation
	C.	inheritance of acquired characteristics.
	D.	taxonomy
	E.	evolution

5 points

QUESTION 10

If an ecologist is studying the cycling of carbon through a particular environment (which involes the movement of carbon through living things as well as through rock, air, and water), the scientist is studying at what level of ecology?

	A.	organismal
	B.	community
	C.	ecosystem
	D.	population
	E.	biosphere

5 points

QUESTION 11

Which list is organized from smallest to largest level of organization of life?

	A.	organisms, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles
	B.	organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
	C.	organelles, tissues, cells, organ systems, organs, organisms
	D.	tissues, cells, organelles, organs, organ systems, organisms
	E.	cells, tissues, organ systems, organelles, organs, organisms

5 points

QUESTION 12

When examining the hierarchy of life, which of the following terms is most inclusive?

	A.	biosphere
	B.	population
	C.	species
	D.	ecosystem

5 points

QUESTION 13

The units of inheritance are

	A.	evolutions.
	B.	heredities.
	C.	genes
	D.	twins.
	E.	metabolic activities.

5 points

QUESTION 14

Organisms that undergo asexual reproduction

	A.	require another organism to reproduce.
	B.	are usually very complex.
	C.	produce offspring that are different from each other.
	D.	do not require energy to reproduce.
	E.	produce offspring that are identical to each other and to the parent.

5 points

QUESTION 15

All the living organisms in a particular area at a particular time make up a

	A.	biosphere.
	B.	community.
	C.	biosystem.
	D.	population.
	E.	ecosystem.

5 points

QUESTION 16

The first step in the scientific method is to

	A.	identify a problem.
	B.	predict the results of an experiment.
	C.	propose a solution.
	D.	draw a conclusion.
	E.	perform an experiment.

5 points

QUESTION 17

Young multicelled organisms usually start out small, then grow in size, and increase in complexity. This process is called:

	A.	heredity.
	B.	metabolism.
	C.	development.
	D.	evolution.
	E.	heredity.

5 points

QUESTION 18

To maintain order within their cells and organs, all living things must

	A.	carry on metabolism.
	B.	reproduce.
	C.	constantly change.
	D.	be able to move.
	E.	extract energy from sunlight.

5 points

QUESTION 19

Which of the following includes Highest levels of hierarchy?

	A.	family
	B.	phylum
	C.	domain
	D.	kingdom
	E.	order

5 points

QUESTION 20

Fungi are classified into which domain?

	A.	Archaea
	B.	Eukarya
	C.	Bacteria
	D.	Fungi

erinhare264

Consider a group of humanoids like Geth, an imaginary group of artificial intelligence as seen in video game franchise Mass Effect ( http://masseffect.wikia.com/wiki/Geth) that gained sentience, consist of individually operating physical units that have a compute unit not only acting individually but share a common network for thought processing and decision making. Considering the properties of life as discussed in Campbell Biology Chapter 1, would you consider Geth as living or not? Explain your reasoning via discussing at least 1 aspect/property of life. !!! Properties of life are:

Order. Organisms are highly organized structures that consist of one or more cells. ...

Sensitivity or Response to Stimuli. Organisms respond to diverse stimuli. ...

Reproduction. ...

Adaptation. ...

Growth and Development. ...

Regulation. ...

Homeostasis. ...

Energy Processing.

with 200 words minimum. Thank you for any help.

I JUST NEED SIMPLE/BASIC ANSWERS NOT LONG ANSWERS

1. Explain how life can be viewed at different levels of biological complexity.

2. Explain how researchers study biology at different levels, ranging from molecules to ecosystems.

3. Distinguish between discovery-based science and hypothesis testing, and describe the steps of the scientific method.

4. Tell whether a given topic or research study is about biology. Tell whether that study is discovery-based or hypothesis testing, or both.

5. If presented with a research study, propose what the Research Question was.

6. If presented with an example, tell whether a statement is a hypothesis, theory or law and why you think so.

Describe the general structure of atoms and their constituent particles.

Relate atomic structure to the periodic table of the elements. List the elements that make up most of the mass of all living organisms.

Explain how a single element may exist in more than one form, called isotopes, and how certain isotopes have importance in human medicine.

Compare and contrast the types of atomic interactions (bonds) that lead to the formation of molecules.

Tell which atoms and how many of each make up a given molecule (formula or diagram).

For a bond in a given molecule, tell whether the bond is covalent, and if it is, tell whether it is polar or nonpolar and why you think so.

Explain the concept of electronegativity and how it contributes to the formation of polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. Tell whether a given atom is electronegative or not, and why you think so. Label partial charges in a polar bond.

Draw five water molecules and label the atoms and bonds within and between the 5 molecules.

Describe how hydrogen bonding determines many properties of water.

List the properties of water that make it a valuable solvent, and distinguish between hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances.

Explain how water has the ability to ionize into hydroxide ions (OH^â) and into hydrogen ions (H⁺), and how the H⁺ concentration is expressed as a solution's pH.

Explain the properties of carbon that make it the chemical basis of all life.

Describe the variety and chemical characteristics of common functional groups of organic compounds.

Diagram how small molecules may be assembled into larger ones by dehydration reactions and how hydrolysis reactions can reverse this process.

List the four major classes of organic molecules and macromolecules found in living organisms

If shown a molecule, tell whether it is organic or not and how you know.

If shown an organic molecule, tell whether it is an amino acid, nucleotide, fatty acid, steroid, monosaccharide or disaccharide and how you know.

Distinguish among different forms of carbohydrate molecules, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Relate the functions of plant and animal polysaccharides to their structure.

List the several different classes of lipid molecules important in living organisms.

Diagram the structure of a triglyceride and explain how it is affected by the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Explain why some fats are solid at room temperature, and others are liquid.

Discuss how fats function as energy-storage molecules.

Apply knowledge of the structure of phospholipids to the formation of cellular membranes.

Describe the chemical nature of steroids and give an example of their biological importance.

Give examples of the general types of functions that are carried out in cells by different types of proteins.

Explain how amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide, and distinguish between a polypeptide and protein.

Describe the levels of protein structure and the factors that determine them. If shown a protein diagram, label parts that represent its levels of structure. Tell what kind of research techniques are used to determine protein structure.

Outline the bonding forces important in determining protein shape and function.

Explain what domains are and their importance in proteins.

Describe the three components of nucleotides.

Distinguish between the structures of DNA and RNA.

Tell how certain bases pair with others in DNA and RNA.

Discuss the 4 major categories of organic macromolecules found in living things, including structure, function and location of each.

Compare and contrast the general structural features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Outline the differences in complexity among bacteria, animal, and plant cells.

Describe how a eukaryotic cell can be viewed as four interacting systems: the nucleus, cytosol, endomembrane system, and semiautonomous organelles.

Explain how the proteome underlies the structure and function of cells.

Analyze how cell size and shape affect the surface area/volume ratio.

Identify the location of the cytosol in a eukaryotic cell and list its general functions.

Describe the three types of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton. Identify which underlie cilia, flagella, centrioles, the nuclear lamina, and the brush border. Tell which are readily assembled and disassembled. Tell which are involved in various cell shape changes or movements.

Explain how motor proteins interact with microtubules or actin filaments to promote cellular movement.

Describe the structure and organization of the cell nucleus. Describe the structure and function of nuclear pores.

Outline the structures and general functions of the components of the endomembrane system.

Distinguish between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Identify three important functions of the plasma membrane.

Tell why mitochondria and chloroplasts are called semi-autonomous organelles.

Discuss the evidence for the endosymbiosis theory.

Outline the structures and general functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Explain how proteins are moved via vesicles through the endomembrane system.

If you are told about the function of a specific protein, tell where and in what type of cell that protein might be found.

Sketch and label a âtypicalâ animal cell and a real animal cell such as a red blood cell or a muscle cell. Tell how it might be different than the âtypicalâ cell in terms of its organelles and shape.

Sketch and label a âtypicalâ plant cell and a real plant cell such as a root or leaf cell. Tell how it might be different than the âtypicalâ cell in terms of its organelles and shape.

Describe the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure. Tell why membranes are described as âfluid mosaicsâ.

Draw 10 phospholipid molecules as they would be arranged in a bilayer. Label the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts.

61. Name all the places in a cell where membranes are found.

62. Describe at least three different categories of membrane proteins and tell what they do.

63. Describe what determines how fluid membranes are.

64. Explain how lipids are synthesized at the ER membrane.

65. Explain how transmembrane proteins are inserted into the ER membrane.

66. Compare and contrast diffusion, facilitated diffusion, passive transport, and active transport.

67. Explain the process of osmosis and how it affects cell structure.

68. Outline the functional differences between channels and transporters. Compare and contrast uniporters, symporters, and antiporters.

69. Explain the difference between primary active transport and secondary active transport.

70. Describe the structure and function of the sodium-potassium pump in animal cells and a similar pump in plants and prokaryotes.

71. Describe exocytosis and endocytosis and tell what molecules are moved across the membrane by these.

Discuss membrane transport, including its function and various forms and why all membranes have each form.

73. If a given cellular process is described, tell which form of transport might be involved.

List the different categories of animal tissue, providing general functions and specific examples of each.

Name the various organ systems found in many animals, list the components of each, and describe their general functions.

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BI111 Lecture Notes - Lecture 89: Sepal, Capillary, Flower Flower

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