BI111 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Reproductive Isolation, Sexual Reproduction, Gene Flow

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27 Jun 2018

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BI111 – L3

Species and Speciation

What is a Species?:

Carl Linnaeus, AKA “father” of modern taxonomy binary nomenclature: Genus and Species (a

nested hierarchy

Life → domain → kingdom → phylum → class → order → family → genus → species

Species is most selective vs. domain most general

Ex. Ursus americanus (American Black Bear)

oDomain - Eukarya

oKingdom - Animalia

oPhylum - Chordate

oClass - Mammalia

oOrder - Carnivora

oFamily - Ursidae

oGenus - Ursus

oSpecies - Ursus americanus

Species - a group of organisms that is biologically “distinct” from others and evolving along a

lineage

oBut HOW is it distinct? WHY is it a group? And WHAT makes an organism an “other”

oA long standing question, many (>22) possible answers ...depends on species concept

Species concept - a set of conditions that are necessary and sufficient to identify a group of

individuals as a species

oSpecies concepts do not only define what a species is, but in doing so, they also define

what speciation is

Why do we Need a Species Concept?:

Important to many biologists working in the fields of:

oTaxonomy

oEvolutionary biology

oEcological and behavioral studies

oConservation biology

Ex. the red wolf

Ex. how many species of giraffe are there?

Morphological Species Concept:

Organisms are classified in the same species if they appear identical by morphological

(anatomical) criteria

Species delineations based on notable differences in phenotype

Pros:

oA practical approach that is widely understood by both scientists and nonscientists

oFocuses on novelties that have arisen over time (diagnostic characters)

oUseful for classifying the fossil record

Cons:

oNot useful in situations where “species” exhibit substantial phenotypic polymorphisms (or

belong to “rings”)

oCould have a species with a lot of variation but could be mistaken for being a totally

different species from each other

oNot very useful in situations where there is no observable superficial phenotypic

difference between putative species

Biological Species Concept:

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Document Summary

Carl linnaeus, aka father of modern taxonomy binary nomenclature: genus and species (a nested hierarchy. Life domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species. Species is most selective vs. domain most general. Ursus americanus (american black bear: domain - eukarya, kingdom - animalia, phylum - chordate, class - mammalia, order - carnivora, family - ursidae, genus - ursus, species - ursus americanus. And what makes an organism an other : a long standing question, many (>22) possible answers depends on species concept. Important to many biologists working in the fields of: taxonomy, evolutionary biology, ecological and behavioral studies, conservation biology. Organisms are classified in the same species if they appear identical by morphological (anatomical) criteria. Species delineations based on notable differences in phenotype. Pros: a practical approach that is widely understood by both scientists and nonscientists, focuses on novelties that have arisen over time (diagnostic characters, useful for classifying the fossil record.

Related Questions

It's a quiz for my life science class.

QUESTION 1

Organisms that have descended from the same initial group and have the ability to interbreed belong to the same

	A.	species.
	B.	family.
	C.	class.
	D.	genus.
	E.	order.

5 points

QUESTION 2

The simplest entity that exhibits all of the properties of life is called a(n)

	A.	molecule.
	B.	cell.
	C.	organism.
	D.	tissue.

5 points

QUESTION 3

In populations, adaptation usually arises through

	A.	responsiveness.
	B.	heredity.
	C.	metabolism.
	D.	natural selection.
	E.	development.

5 points

QUESTION 4

Scientists have found that ancient fossils

	A.	are less similar to present-day organisms than more recent fossils.
	B.	are just as similar to present-day organisms as more recent fossils.
	C.	are more similar to present-day organisms than more recent fossils.
	D.	are very similar to present-day organisms.
	E.	bear no resemblance to present-day organisms.

5 points

QUESTION 5

What is the term that describes the study of the relationship between living things and components of their environment?

	A.	herpetology
	B.	analogy
	C.	zoology
	D.	ecology
	E.	ichnology

5 points

QUESTION 6

Characteristics usually associated with life include all of the following except:

	A.	motility.
	B.	a high degree of organization.
	C.	lack of change from generation to generation.
	D.	reproduction.
	E.	responsiveness to stimuli.

5 points

QUESTION 7

The scientific name for the black-footed ferret is Mustela nigripes. The name Mustela indicates the _____________________ to which the organisms belongs.

	A.	phylum
	B.	class
	C.	family
	D.	species
	E.	genus

5 points

QUESTION 8

Which of the following is considered to be the most basic living unit?

	A.	organ system
	B.	molecule
	C.	organelle
	D.	cell
	E.	tissue

5 points

QUESTION 9

Which of the following concepts best describes the wide variety of dog species we observe, ranging from the domesticated golden retriever or the basset hound, to the wild dogs of Africa, to foxes?

	A.	preadaptation
	B.	special creation
	C.	inheritance of acquired characteristics.
	D.	taxonomy
	E.	evolution

5 points

QUESTION 10

If an ecologist is studying the cycling of carbon through a particular environment (which involes the movement of carbon through living things as well as through rock, air, and water), the scientist is studying at what level of ecology?

	A.	organismal
	B.	community
	C.	ecosystem
	D.	population
	E.	biosphere

5 points

QUESTION 11

Which list is organized from smallest to largest level of organization of life?

	A.	organisms, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles
	B.	organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
	C.	organelles, tissues, cells, organ systems, organs, organisms
	D.	tissues, cells, organelles, organs, organ systems, organisms
	E.	cells, tissues, organ systems, organelles, organs, organisms

5 points

QUESTION 12

When examining the hierarchy of life, which of the following terms is most inclusive?

	A.	biosphere
	B.	population
	C.	species
	D.	ecosystem

5 points

QUESTION 13

The units of inheritance are

	A.	evolutions.
	B.	heredities.
	C.	genes
	D.	twins.
	E.	metabolic activities.

5 points

QUESTION 14

Organisms that undergo asexual reproduction

	A.	require another organism to reproduce.
	B.	are usually very complex.
	C.	produce offspring that are different from each other.
	D.	do not require energy to reproduce.
	E.	produce offspring that are identical to each other and to the parent.

5 points

QUESTION 15

All the living organisms in a particular area at a particular time make up a

	A.	biosphere.
	B.	community.
	C.	biosystem.
	D.	population.
	E.	ecosystem.

5 points

QUESTION 16

The first step in the scientific method is to

	A.	identify a problem.
	B.	predict the results of an experiment.
	C.	propose a solution.
	D.	draw a conclusion.
	E.	perform an experiment.

5 points

QUESTION 17

Young multicelled organisms usually start out small, then grow in size, and increase in complexity. This process is called:

	A.	heredity.
	B.	metabolism.
	C.	development.
	D.	evolution.
	E.	heredity.

5 points

QUESTION 18

To maintain order within their cells and organs, all living things must

	A.	carry on metabolism.
	B.	reproduce.
	C.	constantly change.
	D.	be able to move.
	E.	extract energy from sunlight.

5 points

QUESTION 19

Which of the following includes Highest levels of hierarchy?

	A.	family
	B.	phylum
	C.	domain
	D.	kingdom
	E.	order

5 points

QUESTION 20

Fungi are classified into which domain?

	A.	Archaea
	B.	Eukarya
	C.	Bacteria
	D.	Fungi

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BI111 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Reproductive Isolation, Sexual Reproduction, Gene Flow

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