JN211 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Stamp Duty, Parallel Motion, French Revolution
Lecture 1: Media and the Printing Press
• Definition of Media: any vehicle that conveys a message
• Vehicle: a thing used to express, embody, or fulfill something
• All laguages ae ehiles its a ediu
• Media = medium (same thing)
• media(s) (not a word)
• media comes from the Latin speakers
• indispensable and necessary
• cannot live without it because we are rational beings
• communities of culture and traditions
• Gutenberg age: 1444
• Printing press introduced it to Europe
• Invented movable type (a stamp)
• Adapted from wine makers (the press part)
• Printing press bought: education, access to knowledge, control/increased
independence, copy/ storage, religion, platform/ express opinions/ feedback, access to
different languages, speed of dissemination knowledge, accuracy
• Lead to civilization and nationalism
• There is no direct link of the printing press to freedom of speech and democracy
• Writing it down leads to legacy, accuracy, system of order
• He was a blacksmith (Gutenberg)
• They used papyrus and vellum (they used this to write on)
• Paper coolex (tree trunk)
• Books before Gutenberg: covexes
• When something is written in stone VS the durability of a scroll
Theory of Gatekeeping (related to the authoritarian theory):
• William Tyndale: scholar and a translator, the first man to translate the bible from Greek
and Hebrew to the English language, he was then burned at the stake
• Martin Luther leads the reformation, he wrote a thesis in the (13th C) and he learns from
the bible that are contrary to the church
• Bloody Mary was a queen, she prohibited anyone to translating books (she killed a lot of
people)
• Reformation = pluralism (a condition or system in which two or more states, groups,
principles, sources of authority, etc., coexist)
• Primary source: first hand person to experience it
• What lead man to the printing press: invention of paper, ink, the alphabet, a thirst of
knowledge
• The atholi huh sees hats happeig
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• in 1459 creates the index of books prohibited (books that cannot be translated or read
by the poor)
• Its puttig a gate o lokig the ifoatio to the puli
• Who has the right to give the people information
• I the esoo the ust appl the gate to hat it thiks its ipotat o oe
important this is an example of modern day gatekeeping
• 1939 Adolf Hitler burned all books in a square that disagreed with Nazism
• Gatekeeping theory teaches that certain elites control this domain certain social order
and they establish who is prohibited and what is to be released
• The printing press during the French revolution made pamphlets and posters and flyers
• The press turned around and Napoleon was emperor again and the press was censored
Theory of Modernism (determinism):
• A new age, traditional ideas are put aside or trashed
• Modernism: a movement toward modifying traditional beliefs in accordance with
modern ideas, especially in the Roman Catholic Church in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries
• The printing press of Gutenberg created modernism it allowed people to have more
access to books and easy to study
• A rise of self-consciousness and individualism and is giving important to the subject
• Poor people (farmers etc.) were important because of their books and more education
• It made Columbus a discoverer (modernism)
• Does away with traditions
• This is aided by the press because people have access to individual learning tools:
reading and writing
• English (later the Americans) in the 1600-s the said ou eeded a liece to print
things, and then implemented stamp tax and preapproval (form of censorship)
• The American revolution changes this (freedom of speech), there is no stamp tax or
preapproval o lieig ae thats h the oesee the old tehologiall
Is our thinking shaped by media?
• Media is making who we are, and we are media
• This is put forward by technologists: people who think technology is leading humanity
• Time, perception of time, perception of space
• Haold Iis: ealie edia as iases to tie eause of the stoe tales ouldt
change it, literally set in stone)
• Innis: The new media was bias towards space, they were ubiquitous
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Is the Post-Guteerg id a fallay?
• Fallacy: a flaw in logic
• Cognitive flexibility theory: there should be multiple ways to get to different answers
• Rand Spiro: against centralization, linearity, lack of segmentation, lack of manageability
• Centralization: the concentration of control of an activity or organization under a single
authority
• He doest touh that hpeliks ae used
• A atego fla, hes ofusig etalit ith ta cruel, unreasonable, or arbitrary
use of power or control.,), plualit of soues ofused ith authoitatie, ad hes
confusing methodology with purpose
• There is no such thing of a post-Guteeg id eause e dot ko hat a okig
mind is, we have no definition for that
• It is a fallacy
Lecture 2: The Industrial Revolution +Machines/ Media
• The stem engine completely revolutionized the way people travelled and brought
people together
• uses coal to make stem which creates energy, looks like a hand car you would see in
coal mines
• however, to create energy the steam needed to be cool which could take time but also
was not useful eause the all the stea as too ool, ad the ouldt use it all at
the same time
• thats he the pisto ith toue oes i ith a fl heel attahed
• all large power areas use stem power even today
James Watt:
• Eglisha, so of teasue, ad a doto as a highe lass of soiet, i the s
he was allowed to go to the University of Glasgow, self taught engineer and passionate
about the environment, was asked by universities to check and help improve their
machines
• He as to fi/ ipoe Neoes Egie, it as diffiult, ad he figued out 4
innovations
• A) He realized the materials needed improvement, the cylinder needed to release the
heat slowly not fast, so that the piston would move back in and not waste the energy
• B) Came up the idea of an independent chamber to help cool off the steam slowly
• C) Parallel motion
• D) Indicator of pressure
• He made a model of wood and glass and tested how it moved and the way to fix the
problems
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Document Summary
It(cid:859)s putti(cid:374)g a gate o(cid:396) (cid:271)lo(cid:272)ki(cid:374)g the i(cid:374)fo(cid:396)(cid:373)atio(cid:374) to the pu(cid:271)li(cid:272: who has the right to give the people information. Innis: the new media was bias towards space, they were ubiquitous. John stuart mill (1800): he was an hedonist: a person who believes that the pursuit of pleasure is the most important thing in life; a pleasure-seeker. He begins from the same perspective as adam smith: question 1: what brought about the industrial revolution, the per capita income, she compares britain (15%) finland (29%) japan (35%), this is the knowledge gap theory. Increase in literacy, increase in salary per capita, education in early life, multiple members of family work outside the home. Benjamin day (the sun) 1833 henry raymond (the new york times)1851. : prejudices and biases, visibility/ transparency, reliability of sources, corporate interents, readership, overestimate our own endurance (the press) Journalist has no conscience of his own to rely upon does(cid:374)(cid:859)t su(cid:272)(cid:272)eed easil(cid:455)
