What Does It Mean to Be Altruistic?
o Altruism:
• The desire to help another person even if it involves no benefit, or even at a
cost, to the helper
• A motive to increase another’s welfare without conscious regard for one’s
selfinterests
• A motive (to help others without concern for yourself)
o Prosocial behaviour:
• Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person
• Term sometimes preferred by social psychologists studying helping behaviour
• An act
Theories of Why People Help:
o Social norms: sociological
• Socialresponsibility: we may not be responsible for helping everyone, we are
responsible to help people in need (dependent, unable to do what we can)
• Even though most of us agree that we have responsibility to help others, our
definition of who is in need can vary a lot (highlights attributions, attributions
of why people are in the situation they are in matters, more people will help
someone effected by a hurricane rather than someone on the streets on drugs)
• Reciprocity: give and take (more likely to help those who help us)
• We have no real reason to be helpful to people we interact with
• These social norms are taught in different ways (depending on religion and
culture, the golden rule is taught in a different way, “thou shalt love thy
neighbour as thyselfJudaism”)
o Evolutionary: biological
• Premise: drive to reproduce our genes (anything that allows us to survive and
reproduce, are things that motivate us)
• Kin selection: helping kin to survive and reproduce (kin share some of our
genes)
• Can lead us to be selfish because we want to survive ourselves
• If we have kin, we want to help them to survive and reproduce as it is another
way for our genes to continue to another generation
• More likely to help those who we share more genes with (help your
brother/sister over your first cousin)
• If someone looks like us, it may be a cue that we share genes with that person
(when people look at strangers that share their characteristics, they are more
likely to feel that they can trust them and want to help that person)
• Reciprocal altruism: when it happens just with kin, you do not need to do
extra explaining (kinship is the reason), when not with kin, bats will
regurgitate their food to feed others in need (this happens because it helps the
survival of both bats as they feed each other when needed, the bats that don’t
reciprocate and give back, are less likely to get a favour the next time they get
hungry) • Is it really altruism if you expect a snack in return?
o Social exchange theory: psychological
• Does genuine altruism exist?
• Costs vs. rewards
• Minimax strategy: people engage in interactions that maximize their own
rewards and minimize their costs
• People will only help when the rewards of helping outweigh the costs of
helping
• Maybe there is no true altruism after all (always looking for something back)
• There are all different kinds of rewards (external such as cookies, approval,
respect or internal such as reducing your own distress or guilt)
• People get a happiness boost when doing things for others
• Egoism: a motive to increase one’s own welfare
Empathy and Altruism:
o Empathy: the vicarious experience of another person’s feelings; focus on the
feeling of the other person rather than one’s own distress (if I know the person is
in pain, I feel that pain)
o Empathyaltruism hypothesis: empathy leads to helping for purely altruistic
reasons, regardless of personal gains (when empathy is high, altruism in its pure
form exists and help is given regardless of rewards and costs, when empathy is
low and benefit outweighs the cost that is when they will be helped)
o Sources of empathy:
• Individual differences (which way you draw an E on your forehead effects
how you think about others)
• Similarity (participants had a partner who either was very similar or distant,
when they felt similar to that person, they were more likely to offer to take the
shock themselves, felt empathy because they were similar to that person)
• Closeness/vividness (when we experience someone’s pain vividly, the sense of
closeness increases and the more likely we are to feel empathy)
• Mimicry: an effect of mimicry is an increase in empathy (trained people to
subtly mimic the participant, people who were mimicked felt more empathy
and were more likely to help them)
The Bystander Effect:
o Seminary student study:
• Thought helping behaviour may be influenced by personal principles (strength
of connection to religion) and context
• Brought people into the lab and told they were going to give a speech about
either being a good Samaritan from the bible or about jobs on campus
• Told them that they either have to rush or had a lot of time (different time
pressure)
• Looked at what happened when people walked across campus and there was a
confederate lying on the ground looking distressed • Did not matter what the speech was about
• Religiosity did not effect anything
• The only thing that influenced helping the person on the floor was the context
of whether they felt rushed or had a lot of time
• The students who had to talk about being a good Samaritan and
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