BIOL 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Horizontal Gene Transfer, Septic Shock, Antimicrobial Resistance

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Both have greatest metabolic diversity of all organisms: variety of substances as energy and carbon sources to synthesize almost all necessary organic molecules. Certain bacteria obtain energy by oxidizing ammonia: have internal membrane component where this reaction occurs, proton-motive force is generated; resulting in atp. Simple structure and small compared to eukaryotic cells (less organelles) Variety of shapes: spiral, spherical, cylindrical. No organelles equivalent to er or ga. Unique structures: cell wall, capsule, flagellar structure, pili, plasmids. Single stranded, circular piece of dna: contained in nucleoid and no nuclear membrane, supercoiled dna in chromosome. Chromosome - closed, circular molecule of dna packed into nucleoid. Extra-chromosomal small circular dna molecules (often more than one copy) Carries non-essential genes but genes w/ beneficial functions (antibiotic resistance, metabolism) Plas(cid:373)ids do(cid:374)"t have to replicate every ti(cid:373)e ge(cid:374)o(cid:373)ic dna replicate. Two types of gene transfer: vertical gene transfer. Transmission of genetic traits from one gen to another (parent to offspring)

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