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BIOL 1001 Lecture Notes - Competitive Exclusion Principle, Niche Differentiation, Ecological Niche

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School
York University
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL 1001
Professor
Tamara Kelly

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Document Summary

Resource partitioning (niche differentiation) the evolution of traits that reduce niche overlap and competition. When niches of 2 or more species overlap = asymmetrical competition, and the stronger competitor will drive the weaker one to extinction. Co-existence is possible if the niches don"t overlap completely. The weaker competitors will move to only use none overlapping resources. The realized niche of the weaker species becomes smaller. The fundamental niche is the combination of resources, areas that can be used, and the conditions tolerated in the absence of competitors. Where as the realized niche is the portion of resources, area and conditions that you can realistically use. If species a can only colonize if species b is absent species b is outcompeting species a and reduces the niche of species a. Resource partitioning allows adjacent living when species cannot coexist. A species that has a better ability to compete for a resource/space might not be good at a different trait fitness tradeoff.

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Related Questions

16. Which of the following statements best describes a commensal symbiotic relationship between two species? Both species benefit. One species benefits and the other is unaffected. One species benefits and the other is harmed. Both species are harmed.

17. The fundamental niche of an organism is determined by ______ factors, while the realized niche is determined by ______ factors. biotic; abiotic abiotic; biotic biotic; biotic abiotic; abiotic

18. Competition between species can be reduced as a result of character displacement. This is because one of the species becomes extinct. the species will no longer compete for the same resource. the niche of at least one of the species is changed. Both B and C are correct.

19. When they winter in Central and South America, robins form flocks and feed on fruit. During the summer, they migrate to North America, where they feed on caterpillars, earthworms and other animals. These birds are best described as herbivores. omnivores. detrivores. carnivores.

20. For your final examination before you receive your degree from Penn State, you have been given a slide that contains an unknown tissue from a multi-cellular eukaryote. You have been asked to identify if that tissue is from an animal, a fungus, or a plant. As you stare through the microscope at the slide, you remember that you learned the major differences between these cells in Biology 11. You look for the presence of ______, found only in plant cells, and the absence of ______, never seen in animal cells. But, the cells that you are looking at have a cell wall and do not have chloroplasts. You confidently circle ______ on the answer sheet. chloroplasts; mitochondria; animal mitochondria; chloroplasts; animal chloroplasts; cell walls; fungus mitochondria; cell walls; fungus

QUESTION 1

These include simultaneous consideration of tolerance ranges for all conditions, resource requirements (of all biotic and abiotic resources), and habitat preferences.

a.

Fundamental ecological niches

 b.

Hutchinsonian ecological niches

c.

. Realized ecological niches

 d.

Competition coefficients

 e.

Competitive exclusion

 f.

Coexistence

 g.

Isoclines

 h.

Stable equilibria

 i.

Unstable equilibria

QUESTION 2

Interspecific competition has this outcome when the effects of intraspecific competition outweigh the effects of interspecific competition.

a.

Fundamental ecological niches

 b.

Hutchinsonian ecological niches

c.

Realized ecological niches

 d.

Competition coefficients

 e.

Competitive exclusion

 f.

Coexistence

g.

Isoclines

 h.

Stable equilibria

 i.

Unstable equilibria

QUESTION 3

The range of places that species could occupy based on suitability; a hypothetical location and ecological/trophic role in the absence of ecological interactions such as competition.

a.

Fundamental ecological niches

 b.

Hutchinsonian ecological niches

c.

Realized ecological niches

 d.

Competition coefficients

 e.

Competitive exclusion

 f.

Coexistence

g.

Isoclines

 h.

Stable equilibria

 i.

Unstable equilibria

QUESTION 4

Graphs of the Lotka-Volterra interspecific competition model illustrate coexistence of two species with one of these features.

a.

Fundamental ecological niches

 b.

Hutchinsonian ecological niches

c.

. Realized ecological niches

 d.

Competition coefficients

 e.

Competitive exclusion

 f.

Coexistence

 g.

. Isoclines

 h.

. Stable equilibria

 i.

Unstable equilibria

QUESTION 5

When a particular species always outcompetes a second species in the Lotka-Volterra model of interspecific competition, these features will never intersect.

a.

Fundamental ecological niches

 b.

Hutchinsonian ecological niche

 c.

Realized ecological niches

 d.

Competition coefficients

 e.

Competitive exclusion

 f.

Coexistence

 g.

Isoclines

 h.

Stable equilibria

 i.

Unstable equilibria

QUESTION 6

When prey/foods increase in abundance, the predator population increases through reproduction and/or immigration.

a.

Amensilism

 b.

Commensilism

c.

Functional response

 d.

Mutualism

 e.

Numerical response

 f.

Parasite

 g.

Parasitoid

 h.

True predator

 i.

This is not an answer- don't choose it!

QUESTION 7

Endomycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, gut “microflora” and lichens are examples of this type of ecological interaction.

a.

Amensilism

 b.

Commensilism

 c.

Functional response

 d.

Mutualism

 e.

Numerical response

 f.

Parasite

 g.

Parasitoid

 h.

True predator

QUESTION 8

Prey switching, prey mechanisms to avoid predation (via increased group size), and formation of search images generate variations of this phenomenon.

a.

Amensilism

b.

Commensilism

c.

Functional response

 d.

Mutualism

e.

Numerical response

 f.

Parasite

 g.

Parasitoid

 h.

True predator

QUESTION 9

Generally do not kill their prey, and consume only one (or perhaps a few) individual prey during a particular developmental phase or lifetime.

a.

Amensilism

 b.

Commensilism

c.

. Functional response

 d.

Mutualism

 e.

Numerical response

 f.

Parasite

 g.

Parasitoid

 h.

True predator

QUESTION 10

Extremely asymmetric competition and “accidents” can result in this ecological interaction.

a.

Amensilism

 b.

. Commensilism

c.

Functional response

 d.

Mutualism

e.

Numerical response

 f.

Parasite

 g.

Parasitoid

 h.

True predator

PLEASE ANSWER IN PARAGRAPH FORM CORRECTLY. I appreciate it.

1. A) Describe what SexualSelection is and B) explain how it differs fromNatural Selection

2. Research a behavior in an animal andA) explain the ultimate causes of that behaviorand B) list the proximate causes of it.

3. “The southern gastric broodingfrog was discovered in 1972 and properly described in 1981. Intenseinterest followed and in the same year it had disappeared in thewild, shortly followed by the last captive specimen's death in1983. The interest was primarily due to the frog's unusualreproductive method. The female swallows her eggs and turns herstomach into a womb, vomiting up her young when they are grown. Theloss of her stomach means she doesn't eat while they develop, andher new womb bloats so much it causes her lungs to collapse(meaning she has to breathe through her skin). On the other handanother species of frog, the Túngara frog, lay their eggs in a pondand leaves them to develop on their own without any parental care”(www.facebook.com/evolutionarybiology - like). A)Compare the gastric brooding frog and the Túngara in terms of howthey balance the trade-off of quality vs. quantity of offspring(are they each K-selected or r-selected?). B) Whatother life-history traits (include: life span, number of offspringproduced, age at reproduction, reproductive events per lifetime) doyou expect to find differences between gastric brooding frog or theTúngara frog? Explain.

4. A) Explain why one can argue that humanswere K-selected species before the industrial revolution and now inmodern times see to be r-selected (in your explanation include theterms: carrying capacity, rate of population growth).B) However, in developed countries, the number ofoffspring produced per couple is decreasing every year, the age offirst time mothers in increasing (they are older when they havetheir first baby) and the cost of investment per offspring isincreasing (for example college tuition!). Explain what effectwould that have in the model of population growth in developedcountries (do you expect them to be more K-selected or r-selected?)Make sure to support your argument. C)Can human population increase forever? (use the terms: carryingcapacity, population growth, density-dependent anddensity-independent factors).

5. Study the figure below (published in Kwanoet al. 2002). The x-axis of the figure shows different locations atdifferent altitudes, with altitude decreasing from left to right(W. Java has the highest altitude, W. Mindanao has the lowest). They-axis represents the range of body length for beetles found ateach location. Two species of closely related rhinoceros beetlesinhabit Southeast Asia: Chalcosoma caucasus andChalcosoma atlas. One species, C. atlas (whiteboxes in the figure), is more common in low altitude, while C.caucasus (filled boxes in the figure) is more common in higheraltitudes. However, they overlap at intermediate altitude (fromLampung to E. Thailand). The graph shows the body length of eachspecies in allopatric and sympatric locations. What ecologicalphenomenon can explain the differences between the allopatric (whenonly one species lives in that location) and sympatric (when bothspecies live in the same location) populations? Please explain yourargument, you MUST include the terms: competition, competitiveexclusion, realized niche, fundamental niche, resource-partitioning& character displacement).