HUMA 1825 Lecture Notes - Speculative Reason, Divine Law, Vicegerent

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amethystcoyote123

4 Jun 2013

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Sept. 24. 2012: law is two things, a rule and a measure. Law is pertaining to reason, reasons issue its commands as regards things ordained to the end. The last end of human life is bliss or happiness: what must be the primary concern of the law. For the common good of the citizens and to bring happiness to the citizens. Is this consistent with his notion that law is an aspect of reason. No, because he goes on to say that those who are not present when a law is promulgated are bound to observe the law. Whether there is an eternal law: aquinas distinguishes practical and divine reason. Practical reason: emanating from the ruler who governs a perfect community. Devine reason: that the whole community of the universe is governed. Accordingly the external concept of the divine law bears the character of an eternal law, in so far so god ordains it to the government of things foreknown by him.

Related Questions

1. (TCOs 2, 4, 5, 6) The idea that the assisted suicide of terminally ill patients should be allowed simply at the patient's direction reflects what type of ethics? (Points: 5)

Hobbes' State of Nature
Rand's Objectivism
Aristotle's concept of Virtue
Thomas Aquinas' concept of conscience
Socrates' concept of excellence

Question 2.2. (TCOs 1, 2, 7) What is the moral ideal of compassion? (Points: 5)

Acts of unmerited kindness
Sentiment in response to the suffering of others
Acknowledging the sufferings of others
Acts of altruism
Acts contrary to Objectivism

Question 3.3. (TCOs 1, 2) One of the common errors in Ethics is that of the double standard. The double standard consists of what? (Points: 5)

Discriminating in the application of ethical criteria based on our own preferences
Setting aside ethical criteria in special cases
Taking steps to avoid condemnation of others
Using one set of criteria for judging cases concerning ourselves and another for all others
Suspending judgment when concerned that the consequences would be too severe

Question 4.4. (TCO 2) Prescriptive language is commonly used in ethics for what reason? (Points: 5)

To indicate what is prohibited or impossible
To indicate that one choice is better than others
To show what actions are legal
To convey requirements and obligations
To indicate that there are really no choices available

Question 5.5. (TCOs 7, 8) Each person ought to do whatever will best promote his or her own interests. (Points: 5)

Utilitarianism
Kant's Categorical Imperative
Social Contract Theory
Ethical Egoism
Gilligan

Question 6.6. (TCOs 2, 4, 9) Free people are motivated toward forming social structures according to a social contract in order to overcome what problem identified by Thomas Hobbes? (Points: 5)

The need to overcome disagreements
A perpetual state of warfare
The establishment of a monarchy
Taxation to support the costs of government
Organized ways to select leaders

Question 7.7. (TCOs 3, 6) Agricultural biofuels are not properly a renewable source of energy in the environmental ethics debate. Which of the following also is not a renewable source of energy? (Points: 5)

Windmill turbines
Hydroelectric power
Tidal flow generators
Biomass waste systems
Solar cells

Question 8.8. (TCOs 3, 6, 7) Where in our course does the following phrase apply: 'The only thing good without qualification is a good will'? (Points: 5)

Personal habits of excellence according to Plato
The social contract according to Locke
Deontological ethics according to Mill
Natural law ethics according to Aquinas
Deontological ethics according to Kant

Question 9.9. (TCOs 8, 9) John Stuart Mill's theory of Utilitarianism is the most common form of ethics in use today. It is used so commonly because it belongs to which of the Primary Schools of Ethics? (Points: 5)

Care-based
Ends-based
Economy-based
Law-based
Efficiency-based

Question 10.10. (TCOs 3, 6, 7) What is the purpose of proving whether a syllogism of formal logic is 'valid'? (Points: 5)

To identify the connecting phrase 'therefore' or a synonym of it before proceeding further
To determine whether the situation described is accurate
To determine whether the premises are true before continuing
To determine whether the conclusion proceeds from the premises
To determine that there are only two premise statements in the syllogism

Question 11.11. (TCOs 1, 2) Solving a dilemma involves realizing what aspect of it? (Points: 5)

You will never be satisfied that the right choice was made
Some choices of action are more realistic than others
In deciding to choose one action, the other possible choices will be lost
Not everybody involved will be happy with the choice
There may be significant personal costs to choosing

Question 12.12. (TCOs 1, 2, 7) According to Thomas Aquinas, what ethical capacity do people of every culture naturally possess? (Points: 5)

Logical thinking
Personal virtues
Self-interest
Ability to learn lessons
Conscience

Question 13.13. (TCOs 2, 8) The single criterion for making decisions in utilitarian ethics is what? (Points: 5)

The experience of pleasure
Accounting for unintended consequences
Fiduciary interests to be honored
The amount of happiness produced
The principle to be honored

Question 14.14. (TCOs 1, 2, 5) The world view of ruthless and unending competition for property and wealth was spelled out in which of these concepts? (Points: 5)

Locke's notion of the natural state of man
Rawls' notion of the veil of ignorance
Aristotle's notion of the doctrine of the mean
Hammurabi's code of law
Hobbes' state of nature

Question 15.15. (TCOs 3, 6, 7) Which school of ethics is primarily applied as a practical matter through rights and duties? (Points: 5)

Objectivism
Normative ethics
Consequentialist ethics
Deontological ethics
Interdisciplinary ethics

Question 16.16. (TCOs 2, 7, 8) Personal development and discovery through the repetition of good acts and study of virtue characterize what ethicist? (Points: 5)

Plato
Aristotle
Luther
Augustine
Socrates

Question 17.17. (TCOs 2, 8) Professional societies with codes of ethics and conduct enforce what standard on members beyond the paying of dues? (Points: 5)

Not to engage in other businesses for profit outside of the profession
Personal standards of behavior for family members
Pricing structures for services
Non-competition among members
Meeting ethical and competency standards in order to practice within a jurisdiction

Question 18.18. (TCOs 2, 7) Aristotle's Ethical Doctrine of the Mean measured personal virtues on a scale that included the virtue itself, the excess of it, and the deficiency of it.

If the virtue is GENEROSITY, and the excess is WASTEFULNESS, what is the deficiency?

(Points: 5)

Carefulness
There is no deficiency
Being broke (having no money)
Stinginess
Moderation

Question 19.19. (TCOs 8, 9) Processes and systems designed to slow down disagreeing behavior and think situations through more deliberately are called (Points: 5)

value clarification processes.
conflict resolution systems.
objectivist tactics.
primary schools of ethics.
care-based ethics.

Question 20.20. (TCOs 1, 2) The Latin term a priori describes the origin of knowledge developed rationally, and the term a posteriori describes knowledge developed through observation and experience. What is produced through a priori rational thought that applies to ethics? (Points: 5)

Analysis systems
Principles of ethics
Concern for outcomes
Emotions
Subjective sense of identity

goldmuskrat363

Assignment Instructions: The founder of On-Time Technology Products is being pressured by their biggest investor to use cheaper parts that will not last more than one year. Based on your reading of ethics in this PowerPointÂ©presentation, apply ethical reasoning to respond to this big investor regarding your companyâs ethical position on using these cheaper parts.

Checklist:

â¢Review the PowerPoint presentation on consequential, non-consequential, and virtue ethics. below copied in word

â¢Then using an ethical perspective from the above presentation, and apply it to respond to the big investor.

â¢Discuss how your ethical response also complies with providing exceptional customer service. Scenario Background:

On-Time Technology Products (OTTP) sells products relating to time. Their product line consists of a huge assortment of clocks, watches, daytime planner books, and software. Many of their products are unique and innovative. They have been frequently compared to other high-end retailers.. Their products are sold in retail stores, via the Internet, and via catalogs. Their call center is presently in Dayton, Ohio. Mark MacGibson is the new President for On-Time Technology Products. Mr. MacGibson is a graduate from Kaplan Universityâs MBA program. Mary Graff has a Bachelorâs degree in Business from Kaplan University and is the supervisor for the Customer Service Representatives. Mr. MacGibson and Ms. Graffâs plans are to take On-Time Technology Products to a new level of exceptional customer service.

PowelPoint below in word..

An Overview of Consequential, Nonconsequential and Virtue Ethics Theories

What is Ethics?

Ethics is the study of those values that relate to our moral conduct, including questions of good and evil, right and wrong, and moral responsibility.

Consequentialist Theories:

Consequentialist theories claim that the morality of an action depends only on its consequences.

It only considers the result of actions and not principles or rules in determining morality.

Types of Consequentialist Theories:

Ethical Egoism argues that each person should act in their own self interests.

Act Utilitarianism argues that each person should act in a way that produces the greatest happiness for everyone.

Rule Utilitarianism argues that each person should follow rules that tend to produce the greatest happiness for everyone.

Weaknesses of Consequentialist Theories:

Requires person to predict the future and all possible outcomes.

Can easily be used to justify questionable actions (the end justifies the means).

Nonconsequentialist Theories:

Nonconsequentialist theories claim that the morality of an action depends on principles or other factors that are not related to consequences.

Types of Nonconsequentialist Theories:

Divine command theory argues that we should obey the laws of God.

Kantâs Categorical Imperative states that we should always act in a way that is based on reason, duty, and would be considered ethical if everyone acted in the exact same way. Also, people should be treated as an ends and not as a means.

Weaknesses of Nonconsequentialist Theories:

Divine Command requires a high degree of interpretation skills.

Variety of religions makes standards hard to develop for all.

Can be rigid and ignore outcomes

Virtue Ethics:

Virtue ethics seeks to identify character traits of a moral person and develop those with the idea that the virtuous person will act in a virtuous manner. It does not look to principles or consequences.

Virtue ethics was developed among the ancient Greek philosophers such as Aristotle and Confucius.

Virtue ethics enjoys modern support as an approach that avoids many of the problems with Consequential and Nonconsequential ethical theories.

Weaknesses of Virtue Theory:

Difficulty in determining just which characteristics are virtues

Justification for respecting a virtue usually brings one back to either consequences or principles.

Difficulty in applying to specific situations.

Conclusion:

One theory is not enough to cover all possible choices.

Theories can be synthesized to fit oneâs philosophy of life.

One theoryâs weakness is anotherâs strength.

ivorytermite127

QUESTION 32

What did the old tort theorists conclude was the overriding question that the âold lawâ asked, in accord with their assumptions regarding it?

		How did one know when a customer must be identified as the recipient of the costs?
		How did the parties agree to allocate the costs of the accident?
		How would a party know when it would have to pay uncovered liabilities?
		How would a party know in what cases it was supposed to insure itself?

0.5 points

QUESTION 33

Huber discusses âthe Founders,â meaning:

		The original theorists of ecology
		The Founding Fathers
		The founders of modern tort law
		The first moral theorists

0.5 points

QUESTION 34

A crucial case for Huber is the defective Shopsmith in:

		Posner
		Greeman
		Prosser
		Calabresi

0.5 points

QUESTION 35

Why does Dowie think that Fordâs cost-benefit analysis is a moral problem?

		It places a dollar value on human life.
		It is dishonest and includes lies about the Pinto's safety.
		It shows that Ford made the Pinto unsafe on purpose.
		Dowie doesn't actually think that Ford was morally wrong.

0.5 points

QUESTION 36

Werhaneâs main point about the Pinto case is that:

		Ford was completely innocent of wrongdoing.
		A powerful narrative like Dowieâs article can bring the truth to a wider audience.
		Ford was completely responsible for the deaths caused by Pintos.
		A powerful narrative like Dowieâs article can skew our perception of the facts.

0.5 points

QUESTION 37

Thomson considers this rule: liability is to be shared between the actual harm-causer and anyone else who acted:

		Reasonably
		Justly
		Negligently
		Defensively

0.5 points

QUESTION 38

Thomson outlines three things a plaintiff must show in order to win his case. All of the following are discussed EXCEPT:

		The plantiff suffered from harm or loss.
		An act or omission of the defendant caused the harm or loss.
		The defendant is at fault in so acting or refraining from acting.
		None of the above.

0.5 points

QUESTION 39

Ciulla contends that the failure of leaders:

		Can be excused.
		Are often exaggerated.
		Seem more "extravagant" than those of nonleaders.
		Carry more "weight" than those of nonleaders.

0.5 points

QUESTION 40

Ciulla argues that American writers used to pay more attention to the moral virtues of leaders than to:

		Their chiseled features.
		Their personality traits.
		Their victories and successes.
		Their hopes and dreams.

0.5 points

QUESTION 41

Ciulla points out that while history portrays many leaders as winners, what is rarely questioned?

		The intentions of the leader.
		The ideological motives.
		The needs of the leader.
		All of the above.

0.5 points

QUESTION 42

Which is the area in which leaders must be more âmeticulous,â according to Ciulla, than ordinary people?

		Consistency
		Truthfulness
		Legal Record
		Personal Relationships

0.5 points

QUESTION 43

We often characterize leaders, in Ciullaâs view, according to what?

		Their ability to stay out of conflict.
		Their ability to benefit the most people.
		Their ability to lead.
		Their ability to bring about change.

0.5 points

QUESTION 44

Robinhoodism is what, for Ciulla?

		Stealing from the poor and giving to the middle class.
		Leading a brand of social "rebels" motivated by social privileges.
		A type of Machiavellianism.
		All of the above.

0.5 points

QUESTION 45

When Machiavelli uses the metaphor of âthe lion,â he is referring to what?

		Destroying the strategy of an opponent.
		Courage.
		Using fear as a weapon.
		Using love to motivate one's soldiers.

0.5 points

QUESTION 46

According to Machiavelli, when âa Prince is with his army, and has many soldiers under his command,â he needs a certain reputation to keep his command together. He needs a reputation for:

		Kindness
		"The Beast"
		Cruelty
		Morality

0.5 points

QUESTION 47

Is it better to be loved or feared, according to Machiavelli, and why?

		Feared, because that depends on the Prince and the people.
		Loved, because that depends on the Prince alone.
		Loved, because that depends on the Prince and the people.
		Feared, because that depends on the Prince alone.

0.5 points

QUESTION 48

Machiavelli insists that the Prince should âdo his utmost to escapeâ:

		Harm
		Power
		Enemies
		Hatred

0.5 points

QUESTION 49

Machiavelli would argue that for the Prince, lying is:

		Never expedient.
		Always wrong.
		Always good.
		Sometimes necessary.

0.5 points

QUESTION 50

Ludwig and Longenecker use the story of David and Bathsheba as a lesson in what, as it applies to being in a position of leadership?

		Success
		Chastity
		Temptation
		Delegation

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HUMA 1825 Lecture Notes - Speculative Reason, Divine Law, Vicegerent

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