Vitamin Function Recommendation Deficiency Toxicity Food Sources
Preservation
Thiamin (B1) E metabolism RDA Alcohol use No reported PORK
-Coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate M: 1.2mg/day -enlarged heart toxicities Grain product
(TPP) W: 1.1mg/day cardiac failure
- pyruvate to acetyl coA -muscular weakness No UL leaching into water
- A-ketoglutarate -apathy, short memory, vitamin destroyed by
to succinyl coA confusion heat
Membrane of nerve cells -anorexia/ weight loss
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrom
-> beriberi
wet: edma
dry: muscle wasting
Riboflavin (B2) E metabolism RDA Deficiency disease: No reported Dairy product
-Coenzyme forms M: 1.3mg/day ariboflavinosis toxicity Enriched/ whole
i) Flavin mononucleotide(FMN) W: 1.1mg/day grain
ii) Flavin adenine dinucleotide
(FAD) -> accepts H+ ->FADH2 Easily destroyed by
UV
Not by cooking
Niacin (B3) Metabolism of CHO, fat, alcohol Niacin possibly from Disease: pellagra Niacin flush -milk
-Coenzyme form dietary niacin and Symptoms: 4D ->vasodilatn -eggs, meat, poultry,
i) NAD Tryptophan -diarrhea and fish
ii) NADP (excess converted) -depression UL: 35mg/day
-60mg tryp= 1 mg -dermatitis -heat resistant
niacin -death -less loss during prep
RDA -leach out into water
M: 16NE/day
W: 14NE/day Biotin Part of coenzyme-E metabolism AI: 30 microg/day Deficiency rare No reported Wide spread in foods
-glycogen synthesis, Deficiency symptoms toxicities
gluconeogenesis, fat synthesis, A.A : depression, lethargy (CNS) Biotin also
metabolism numb/tingling in arms/legs synthesized by
intestinal bacteria
Biotin bound with egg white
protein called Avidin
->bioavailability of biotin
inhibit absorption
Pantothenic E metabolism-part of coenzyme AI: 5mg/day Deficiency rare No reported Widespread in foods
acid -TCA, synthesis of lipids, Deficiency symptoms toxicities -mushrooms,
neurotransmitter, steroids : failure of body system avocados, broccoli
hormones, hemoglobin - whole grains
-coenzyme for ~4% of known
enzyme destroyed by
freezing, canning,
refining
Vitamin B6 Coenzyme forms RDA: 1.3mg/day Anemia-small cell type UL: -meat, fish, poultry
-pyridoxal i) pyridoxal phospate (PLP) CNS function compromised 100mg/day -liver
-pridoxine ii)pyridoxamine phospate (PMP) Alcohol destroys vit B6 -legumes/ soy
-pyridoxamine INH drug (tuberculosis) CNS defects product
-A.A and F.A metabolism -> antagonist of B6 -depression, -non-citrus fruits
-transamination fatigue, nerve
-conversion of tryptophan to damage easily destroyed by
niacin or serotonin heat
-nucleic acids (DNA) B6 ineffective in
-production of RBC curing carpal tunnel
-cognitive performance/ immune and sleep disorders
-stored exclusively in MUSCLEFolate -synthesis of DNA/ new cell RDA Folate and neural tube defect UL: 1000 -leafy green vege
- folic acid - needed for Vit B12 activity : 400 microg/day -brain and spinal cord microg/day -legumes, seed
- folacin (coenzyme: THF and DHF) - intake <= 1mg -> spina bifida, anencephaly
- PGA - excess into bile (enterohepatic -childbrearing age women -masks B12
circulation) Dietry Folate -> take folate suppl. deficiency Easily destroyed by
Equivalents (DFE) containing 400mg/day symptoms heat
-naturally occurring folate -bioavailability diff
: polyglutamate (need further btw food folate and Folate breaks down
process to get utilized, B12 supplement folate homocysteine (Heart
removes methyl grp and methyl disease)
grp stays in B12) High
-supplement folate recommendation for Folate deficiency
: monoglutamate (immediately pregnant women : disease in GI tract
usable) increase in metabolic need
Deficiency
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