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MODR 1770 Lecture Notes - Jonah Lehrer, William Styron, Chagas Disease

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School
York University
Department
Modes Of Reasoning
Course
MODR 1770
Professor
Jai Chetram

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Document Summary

The victorians had many names for depression, and charles darwin used them all. There were his fits brought on by excitements, flurries leading to an. Uncomfortable palpitation of the heart and air fatigues that triggered his head symptoms. in one particularly pitiful letter, written to a specialist in psychological medicine, he confessed to extreme spasmodic daily and nightly flatulence and. His depression left him not able to do anything one day out of three, choking on his bitter mortification. he despaired of the weakness of mind that ran in his family. The race is for the strong," darwin wrote. I shall probably do little more but be content to admire the strides others made in. Darwin, of course, was wrong; his recurring fits didn"t prevent him from succeeding in science. Instead, the pain may actually have accelerated the pace of his research, allowing him to withdraw from the world and concentrate entirely on his work.

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Related Questions

A biological psychologist who specializes in the assessment and diagnosis of people with brain related problems is faced with the following cases. On the basis of what you now know about biological psychology, the brain, and the functions of the nervous svstem, give some thought to what the specialist's assessment might be.

1. Fraser slipped on ice and hit the back of his head on the sidewalk, and now his vision is seriously affected. Which brain area is most likely affected?

2. Following an operation to remove a brain tumor, Yoko is able to read and understand written and spoken language but has difficulty speaking and expressing herself clearly. It is likely that she has damage in which part of the brain?

3. Ever since a part of her limbic system was destroyed, Vanessa has had trouble controlling her appetite and has had a constant urge to eat and drink. Which structure was most likely damaged?

4. Mr. Ashley has a disorder that is characterized by rigidity, muscle tremors, poor balance, and difficulty in initiating movements.

5. Family members and friends who know you are taking a psychology course may ask you some interesting and curious questions. One often-asked question is: "I know that regular exercise helps keep me in shape physically, but is there anything I can do to prevent mental deterioration?" What advice would you give in response to that question?

ASSIGNMENT

Clapp et al. (2017) state in their article Gut microbiota’seffect on mental health:

“The bidirectional communication between the central nervoussystem and gut microbiota, referred to as the gut-brain-axis, hasbeen of significant interest in recent years. Increasing evidencehas associated gut microbiota to both gastrointestinal andextragastrointestinal diseases. Dysbiosis and inflammation of thegut have been linked to causing several mental illnesses includinganxiety and depression, which are prevalent in society today[…].

Healthy gut function has been linked to normal central nervoussystem (CNS) function. Hormones, neurotransmitters andimmunological factors released from the gut are known to sendsignals to the brain either directly or via autonomic neurons.”

Questions:

A Through which pathways might microbesof the gut microbiota interact with the gut brainaxis?

B. Howcan gut microbiota influence and contribute to the pathogenesis ofneuropsychiatric disorders?

C. Howcould scientists use the new knowledge of the bidirectionality ofthe GBA to help people suffering from anxiety anddepression?

The gut brain axis is a quicklyevolving very recent field within physiologicalpsychology/behavioral neuroscience for answering the abovequestions please use scientific articles from google scholar,medline, psycharticles, etc to get the information for youranswers.

Please help answer 4 questions:

1. Using the information provided thus far by both Parts I and II, answer the following questions.

What problems both stated and unstated does Phyllis seem to be experiencing? What pieces of background information (patient environment and social/family history) have been provided by the family?

2. Distinguish between the relevant and non relevant symptoms/lab results needed to form a diagnosis. Of the relevant symptoms/lab results, rank them in priority and defend your answer.

3. Given what you know about the role of myelin in action potential propagation and the key information previously identified in questions 1 and 2, explain why multiple sclerosis is the appropriate diagnosis.

4. Consider you are the physician, what would be your strategy to slow progression of the disease and compensate for reduced neuronal function? What is the long-term prognosis with treatment?

The Soccer Mom:

A Case Study on the Nervous System

by

Jennifer Bolognese, Misti Coronel, Anita Intorre, and

Phil Stephens Biology Department Villanova University

Part I—At the Soccer Game

Thirty-two-year-old Phyllis Jackson was sitting on the bench at the side of the soccer ?eld, sipping a bottle of

Gatorade. Her husband, Steven, sat next to her with a concerned expression. “I’m really worried about you, honey,” he said.

“I’m just a little dehydrated; I’ll be ?ne.”

“If this were the ?rst incident, then maybe I’d agree with you. But your boss has been on your case about your lack of concentration at work, you forgot to pick up the kids from school last week, and quite frankly, you haven’t exactly been yourself with me lately. Now you’re having fainting spells during games? Something doesn’t seem right.”

“I know things haven’t been going well for me lately, but I don’t know why. I try so hard at work, at home, with the kids, to be a good wife. So maybe all this stress has made me a little unfocused and disoriented. What do you want me to do about it?” Phyllis said, blinking back tears.

“I think you should see a doctor,” Steven replied, putting his arm around her and drawing her close. “The kids are getting worried, too.”

Phyllis sighed. “Alright, if it will make you feel better. I really just think I need some time to relax, though.” “Well… I could drop the kids of at my sister’s tonight; that would give us a little free time…”

“That’s really thoughtful of you. I could de?nitely use a quiet night at home, maybe even go to bed early.” Steven seemed disappointed.

Part II—The Doctor Visit

“So, what seems to be the problem, Mrs. Jackson?” Dr. Warner asked Phyllis.

“My husband wanted me to come in and see you after I fainted during my soccer game Saturday. I’ve also been having some problems at work, but I think I’m just stressed.”

“What kinds of problems have you been having at work?”

“It’s been hard to concentrate on tasks. I’ve also had some problems typing—I’ve been making more errors than usual, and oftentimes my ?ngers will go numb.”

“I see,” said Dr. Warner, taking a few notes on his clipboard. “According to my records you are not on any long term medication. Have you noticed any problems outside of work?”

“Well, my husband has been complaining about our personal life lately. And last week, I completely forgot that I was supposed to pick up our two daughters after school. I’ve been feeling really tired lately; even my coordination seems of.”

“How long has this been going on for?”

“A few weeks, but this isn’t the ?rst time. These problems seem to come and go, but it’s getting to the point where I can’t just ignore them anymore. I don’t know, maybe I’m just depressed.”

“Why do you say that?”

“My mother suffered from depression throughout my childhood.”

“Well, depression certainly could cause some of the symptoms you’re experiencing,” Dr. Warner said thoughtfully. “Is there a history in your family of any neurological disorders?” “I don’t think so. I have some vague recollection of my grandfather in a wheelchair when I was really young, but I don’t know what was wrong with him.”

“Okay,” said the doctor, nodding. “Well, the few preliminary tests we’ve run show that you are not pregnant, and that you are not going through menopause. I’d like to send you to see Dr. Thrush, a friend and colleague of mine. She is a neurologist at the local hospital and she will run a few tests to explore your symptoms a little further.”

Questions: Analyze

1. Using the information provided thus far by both Parts I and II, answer the following questions.

What problems both stated and unstated does Phyllis seem to be experiencing? What pieces of background information (patient environment and social/family history) have been provided by the family?

Part III—Diagnostic Tests

Dr. Thrush looked over the results of Phyllis’s Magnetic Resonance Imaging (mri) and evoked potential tests. She was thinking how glad she was that Steven had accompanied Phyllis on this visit as she showed them the MR images of Phyllis’ brain.

“The machine took pictures of Phyllis’ brain in slices. The dark areas are the brain tissue, Phyllis, and the white areas in the middle and around the outside are the cerebrospinal ?uid.”

“Is that normal? Am I ok?” Phyllis asked. “And what are those little white dots in the tissue?”

“The white dots are what concerned me,” replied the doctor. “So we did another type of mri, called dark ?uid, so that your cerebrospinal ?uid would not show up white.”

“But I still see the white dots in my brain tissue. What does that mean?”

The doctor looked down, knowing that this was never an easy thing to tell a patient.

“I am afraid that this indicates that there are plaques or scars in your brain, and that you may have multiple sclerosis.”

Tears began to form in her eyes as Phyllis squeezed her husband’s hand.

“I am afraid that the evoked potential test and the elevated levels of myelin basic protein in you cerebrospinal ?uid indicate the same thing.”

Questions: Evaluate and Apply

2. Distinguish between the relevant and non relevant symptoms/lab results needed to form a diagnosis. Of the relevant symptoms/lab results, rank them in priority and defend your answer.

3. Given what you know about the role of myelin in action potential propagation and the key information previously identified in questions 1 and 2, explain why multiple sclerosis is the appropriate diagnosis.

Part IV—The Diagnosis

Dr. Thrush informed Phyllis that she was probably suffering from the relapsing-remitting form of multiple sclerosis (ms), in which relapses of symptoms are separated by periods of remission. ms is a disorder in which the myelination of axons is degraded due to unknown factors. The most commonly accepted explanation is that ms is an autoimmune disorder in which myelin in the central nervous system is attacked by the body’s own immune system. There is no known cure for multiple sclerosis. During remission, axons affected by the disorder regain their function. Voltage-gated sodium channels are concentrated in the nodes of Ranvier and the distribution changes at disease onset.

Questions: Create

4. Consider you are the physician, what would be your strategy to slow progression of the disease and compensate for reduced neuronal function? What is the long-term prognosis with treatment?

Thank you for your time with this