NATS 1660 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Electron Shell, Covalent Bond, Electronegativity

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Nats 1660 lecture september 16th, 2016. Atoms" electrons fill up the outermost valence shell. 3rd shell also contains four orbitals (holds max. Covalent bonds = the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms: strong, with hydrogen -> an arm of one atom can reach out and grab an arm of another atom. H-h (h2): with oxygen -> 2 arms instead of 1, each of which can bind with an arm of another atom. Then, there are 2 bonds instead of 1. O-o (o2): with water -> hydrogen as 1 atom (arm), and oxygen has 2 atoms (arms), so there are 3 bonds. If almost fill - tendency to attract electrons. If almost empty tendency to give up electrons: attractiveness of an atom to electrons = electronegativity -> it is a measure of the. Hydrogen bonds: weak electrical attraction, when h is covalently bonded to a more electronegative atom, ex: water molecules (h bonded to o).

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