Mid-term test #3
•Content: lecture material since the last test, including the guest lecture speaker
•Diagnostic / (criteria for the different disorders) boxes should be reviewed (test hint)
•No case studies or figures are essential but some of the concept overview tables
maybe helpful in understanding
Personality
Differing views
Psychiatrists
•Categorical approach
•Personality disorders
Psychologists
•Dimensional approach (continuum approach)
•Personality
←The DSM-V may include more dimensional aspects (right now they look more at
the categories)
Personality - Dr. John Livesley
Definition of normal personality:
•Stable and coherent view of self and others
•Capacity for intimacy and affiliation
•Function adaptively in society with (not done)
Personality disorders
Personality disorders reflect a failure to adapt to life’s tasks (john livesley)
•Considers dimensions
•Adaptive inflexibility; they are unable to change
•Vicious circles; ex is a paranoid personality, where they hold grudges so they have this
irritability towards you, causing you to back off, which leads to an increase in paranoia
•Psychodynamic view: kind of ego defense style gives clues to kind of personality dis-
turbances i.e. Using a projection is an example of a paranoid
Trait views: Hans Eysenck
Dimension: introverted - extroverted
Theories of personality
•Timothy Leary: circumplex model of personality (1957)
Two main axes for classifying personalties:
•Dominance - submissive
•Unfriendly - friendly
Theory of personality disorders (Millon)
Two dimensions:
•Impassive - expressive
•Enmeshed - autonomous
•Personality test: Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory - measured the different dimen-
sions of personality and stages
•Did a research study of ppl who have major depression: looked at what type of per-
sonaites were among ppl w/ these depressions - 2 clusters of personality types:
MCMI research study of depression - done by goldberg
•Sample of outpatients receiving CBT for major depressive disorders
•Identified two groups using cluster analysis - both had depression
•Sociotropic personality (strong needs for approval) - MCMI dependency
•Autonomous personality (high need for perfection) - MCMI negativism
•Important implication for focus of CBT treatment
DSM-IV Axis II (in textbook)
Clusters
•Odd Eccentric: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
•Dramatic: borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial
•And another one
Marsha Linehan
•Studied suicidal individuals
•Tried to understand ppl w/ extremely high scores on hoplessness scales yet also score
high on social desirability (as if attn seeking)
•Tried using traditional behavioral therapy - not effective
•Developed Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) which combines behavioral ap-
proaches (like assertiveness training) with client centered empathy (being able to relate
w/ the client and working on emotion regulation, and being able to understand that r/s)
•Challenge “Black and White” thinking (dichotomous), teach assertiveness and emo-
tional regulation, monitoring self-criticism