BIOL 1003 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Hydrogen Hypothesis, Peptide Nucleic Acid, Protein Biosynthesis

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Prokaryotic cells were the first form of life on earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling and being self-sustaining. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus. Prokaryotes include two of the domains of life, bacteria and archaea. The dna of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0. 5 to 2. 0 m in diameter. Enclosing the cell is the cell envelope generally consisting of a plasma membrane covered by a cell wall which, for some bacteria, may be further covered by a third layer called a capsule. Though most prokaryotes have both a cell membrane and a cell wall, there are exceptions such as mycoplasma (bacteria) and thermoplasma (archaea) which only possess the cell membrane layer.

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