BIOL 1020 Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Vascular Bundle, Light-Independent Reactions, Photosystem I

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30 Jan 2018

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BIOL 1020 Full Course Notes

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Light reactions: linear electron flow (z scheme) Produces atp nadph and o2: cyclic electron flow. Cyclic electron flow: in cyclic electron flow electrons cycle back from the fd to the ps i reaction center, uses only photosystem i and produces atp but not nadph, no oxygen is released. Rubisco is the most abundant enzyme on the planet. The direct output of the calvin cycle is not glucose: it is glyceraldhyde - 3 - phosphate (g3p, better than glucose for energy. Rubisco: crucial for carbon fixation, source of energy for all heterotrophs, large chains synthesized by cdna small chains by ndna. C4 plants: minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating co2 into four carbon compounds, there are two distinct types of cells in the leaves of c4 plants. Bundle sheath cells are arranged in tightly packed sheathes around the veins of the leaf. Mesophyll cells are loosely packed between the bundle sheath and the leaf structure.

Related Questions

1. All of the following are correct descriptions of photosynthesis except:

A) The Calvin Cycle is endergonic.

B) Electrons are supplied to the reaction center via the splitting of water, which yields O2 as a byproduct

C) Chlorophyll and accessory pigments capture energy from the sun in the form of electrons, which they use to drive the electron transport chains of photosystems I and II.

D) ATP and NADPH generated in the light-dependent reactions are used to power CO2 fixation via the Calvin cycle in the light-independent reactions.

2. In glycolysis and the TCA cycle, glucose is _____ down to CO2; this process _____ lots of ATP and reducing power. In photosynthesis, CO2 is ______ back to sugar by the _______ of lots of ATP and reducing power.

A) reduced; requires; oxidized; production

B) oxidized; requires; reduced; production

C) oxidized; produces; reduced; input

D) reduced; produced; oxidized; input

3. Which description accurately compares cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

A) Photosynthesis uses energy captured from sunlight to power the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugars; cellular respiration oxidizes sugars to yield energy for the cell.

B) The ATP produced via cellular respiration is needed to power the reactions of photosynthesis

C) The pathways of photosynthesis are those of cellular respiration run in reverse.

D) Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to oxidize carbon dioxide to sugars; cellular respiration reduces these sugars to yield energy for the cell.

The complete set of reactions carried out by an organism is called:

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 2

The breakdown of starch is broken down to glucose is an example of:

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 3

For the following statement, determine which description best describes the process: DNA is synthesized from free nucleotides.

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 4

Fill in the blank: Catabolic reactions result in the synthesis of molecules of .............via cellular respiration. This is then used to power anabolic reactions.

Value: 5

The energy in organic molecules is released in a series of steps because:

a. it is not possible to release it in a single step.

b. more total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step

c. less total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step.

d. more energy can be harvested for cellular use in multiple steps than from a single step.

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photosynthesis

1-The light reaction of photosynthesis does not include

a. chemiosmosis

b. oxygen liberation

c. glucose synthesis

d. electron transport

Value: 2

Photosynthesis takes place in the membranes of small sacs called

a. thylakoids

b. photosystems

c. stroma

d. photons

Value: 3

During what stage of photosynthesis is O2 produced?

a. the light-dependent reactions involving photosystems I and II

b. carbon fixation

c. the Krebs cycle

d. O2 is not produced during photosynthesis

Value: 4

The pigment molecules responsible for photosynthesis are located in the

a. mitochondria

b. cytoplasm of the cell

c. stroma of the chloroplast

d. thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

Value: 5

During what stage of photosynthesis are ATP and NADPH converted to ADP + Pi and NADP+?

a. the light-dependent reactions

b. the light-independent reactions

c. both of the above

d. none of the above

Value: 6

What energy-rich organic compound is produced as a result of the Calvin cycle?

a. ATP

b. NADPH

c. glucose

d. H2O

Value: 7

During photosynthesis, photons raise electrons to higher energy levels. These excited electrons belong to what compound?

a. water

b. ATP

c. chlorophyll

d. electron transport chain

Value: 8

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

a. photosynthesis occurs only in autotrophs; cellular respiration occurs only in heterotrophs

b. photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert inorganics to energy-rich organics; respiration breaks down energy-rich organics to synthesize ATP

c. photosynthesis involves the oxidation of glucose; respiration involves the reduction of CO2

d. the primary function of photosynthesis is to use solar energy to synthesize ATP; the primary function of cellular respiration is to break down ATP and release energy

1. Readthe following statements carefully and indicate whether they aretrue (T) or false (F). (1 mark each)

a) TheCalvin cycle is named after the city of Calvin in Iowa, whereresearch on photosynthesis was done in 1948. ____
b) The potato is a storage root. ____
c) Krebs cycle occurs on the membrane of plant mitochondria.____
d) Lawn grass is a perennial plant species. ____
e) Rubisco is the most abundant molecule on Earth. ____
f) A high concentration of [K+] ions in guard cells causes stomatato open. ____
g) Cyclic electron flow in the light dependent reactions transferselectrons to the cytochrome complex and generates NADPH. ____
h) Lateral (secondary) growth cannot occur in monocot stems due tothe absence of a cambium layer. ____
i) The loss of electrons by a molecule means it is oxidized.____
j) A monoecious plant has male and female flowers on differentparts of the same plant. ____
k) Short-day plants require a minimum number of hours of completedarkness to flower. ____
l) In Krebs cycle, the conversion of glyceraldehyde phosphate to1,3 bisphosphoglycerate is accompanied by the production of
NADH. ____
m) It is possible to produce an entire plant from a single leafcell. ____
n) Substrate level phosphorylation and photophosphorylation bothproduce ATP in a similar fashion. ____
o) A plant with 8 sets of chromosomes in each cell is called anoctaplural. ____
p) Plant responses to environmental stress involve changes at boththe gene and protein level. ____

2. Fillin the blanks with a 1-2 word answer. (1 mark per blank)

a) Themost abundant polysaccharide in plant cells is __________ .
b) The most important cell type in plants which provides structuralsupport is ____ .
c) The term used to describe the development of a fruit withoutfertilization is ____.
d) The total yield of energy carrying molecules from glycolysis forone glucose molecule is _______ and ________ .
e) The specific reaction step in Krebs cycle where FAD is reducedto FADH2 involves the conversion of ________ to
___________ .
f) An example of a plant which must reproduce asexually is__________ .
g) During photosynthesis, the molecule which receives electronsfrom the cytochrome complex is called __________ .
h) Phloem consists of two cell types called _____________ and___________.
i) The tissue type found in the growing tips of shoots and roots iscalled _________ and the tissue type which provides aprotective
layer is called ____________ .
j) A reaction center of the light-harvesting complex inphotosynthesis consists of ______ and _________ .
k) A porphyrin ring is found in each molecule of _________.

5. For each term provided in the column A below, choose the mostappropriate matching term in column B. Indicate in the answer
column what that matching term is.
Note: Each term in column B must only be used once. (10 marks)

Column A Answercolumn Column B

ATP _____________ a)tracheids
CAM _____________ b)iron
Sucrose _____________ c)cristae
C3plant _____________ d)corn
Macronutrient _____________ e)cell elongation
Wood _____________ f)cucumber
C4plant _____________ g)calcium
Pits _____________ h)pineapple
Micronutrient _____________ i) phloem
Auxin _____________ j) xylem

14. (4m) What are the osmotic and ionic challenges faced byfreshwater fish and how do they overcome these challenges?

15. (5m) What are the sources of nitrogenous wastes inanimals?
Relate the three types of nitrogenous wastes to the respectivemodes of life of animals.

16. (7m) Describe and compare digestion in a gastrovascularcavity and in the vertebrate digestive system. What features makethe
vertebrate system more efficient?

17. (4m) Special adaptations of the nervous system result inthe

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BIOL 1020 Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Vascular Bundle, Light-Independent Reactions, Photosystem I

BIOL 1020 Full Course Notes

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