PR 605 Lecture Notes - Lecture 49: Trait Theory

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30 Dec 2020

School

Ball State University

Department

Public Relations

Course

PR 605

Professor

Ingrid Cummings

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Document Summary

There are certain personality traits, needs, and other factors at the individual level that relate to political behavior. With traits, employees that are high self-monitors have the internal locus of control and higher need for power, so they are more likely to engage in political behavior. Those who are more high in self-monitoring are: More likely to be skilled in political behavior. These people think they can control their environment, so people with an internal locus of control will take a more proactive stance and try to manipulate events or situations in their own favor. The machiavellian personality trait is characterized by the will to manipulate and a person"s desire for power. This personality trait is consistent with using politics for a person"s own interests. A person"s organizational investment and perceived alternate influence is the degree that the person will pursue illegitimate ways of doing political action.

Related Questions

1.Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding personality stability?

Because it has a biological basis in infant temperament, personality remains fairly stable throughout the life span.

Personality is mostly influenced by social roles and norms, so it is difficult to predict accurately.

People make many characteristic adaptations throughout life, which can cause substantial changes in personality over time.

Personality tends to be stable in adulthood but can be predicted only from about age 15 or older.

Research on the Rorschach inkblot test indicates that it:

reliably assesses id/ego/superego conflicts and specific psychological disorders related to these conflicts

does an excellent job of identifying specific psychological disorders

identifies many normal, healthy adults and children as psychologically disturbed

is the most reliable of the many projective tests in use

Research has shown that, in predicting the behavior of people we know, we:

are unable to perform above chance levels in our predictions

are less accurate in predicting their observable behavior than in predicting our own observable behavior

tend to predict that their behavior will be more negative than it actually is

are more accurate in predicting their observable behavior than in predicting our own observable behavior

Derrick feels that he deserves more than other people, and he often tries to manipulate people to get what he wants. Whenever someone challenges him, he gets very angry. Derrick likely:

has exceptionally high-esteem

has a collectivist perspective

has low self-esteem

is suffering from terror-management syndrome

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WRITE a one-sentence summary of each paragraph!

The False Income-Inequality Narrative

BY JASON L. RILEY

Published in the Wall Street Journal on Sept. 29, 2015

An enduring theme of the Democratic presidential race has been income inequality, coupled with an enduring belief that America's affluent reached their status at the expense of the poor and the middle class.

Bernie Sanders speaks of little else on the stump. And when not busy dissembling on her handling of email correspondence at the State Department, Hillary Clinton will tell you that the deck is still stacked in favor of those at the top. If Joe Biden gets in, expect more of the same. The vice president is said to be contemplating a 2016 bid in large part because struggling middle-income families may have trouble relating to Mrs. Clinton on inequality given her high living since leaving the White House.

This theme, in any case, seems to resonate with voters, which is no huge shock in the sixth year of an economic recovery. Envy and resentment fuel class warfare and lackluster economic growth throughout the Obama presidency have made people less optimistic and more inclined to fault others for their circumstances. A Wall Street Journal/NBC News poll this week reports that four-in-five Americans âwere either angry because our political system seems to only be working for the insiders with money and power or anxious and uncertain. After all, the economy still feels rocky and unpredictable or both.

Liberals want to address income disparities through wealth redistribution by taking money from more productive people and giving it to the less productive in the name of fairness as the left defines it. They want to raise income taxes, expand the welfare state, lift minimum wages, and strengthen the bargaining power of unions. Mr. Sanders has been the most explicit about this, even going so far as to propose a wealth tax. Our economic goals have to be redistributing a significant amount of [wealth] back from the top 1%, the senator said in July.

In reality, the left has overstated the problem. And all the focus on divvying up existing wealth instead of creating more risks making matters far worse for the people they are trying to help and the country in general. To the extent that the expanding welfare state allows more people to live without working and therefore without earning income or developing their own human capitalâsupporters of the welfare state are contributing to the very income disparities they so much decry, writes economist Thomas Sowell in his new book, âWealth, Poverty and Politics.

Mr. Sowell is the author of more than 30 books over the past four decades, many having to do with what drives different social and economic outcomes among different groups in the U.S. and elsewhere. In his latest tome, he draws from this well of research to do what he has done so well for so long: question basic assumptions behind public policy and follow the facts where they lead him.

One common assumption is that proportionate or random outcomes are the natural order of things and that gaps or disparities are evidence of something wrong. In fact, huge disparities are the norm, not the exception, because the demographic, cultural, and political factors that influence the development of the human capital that makes people productive also tend to be unequal.

In 2013, only 9% of U.S. women with college degrees who gave birth were unmarried, versus 61% of women who were high-school dropouts and unmarried. Harvard's Robert Putnam reports that children from professional families will hear 19 million more words than their working-class peers before the first day of kindergarten.

These children don't have the same prospects. Equal opportunity, in the sense of being judged and rewarded by the same standards as others, cannot possibly mean equal life chances for children born and raised in these very different settings,writes Mr. Sowell. The fact that life is unfair is not the same as saying that a particular institution, or a particular society, is unfair.

The argument that social mobility is a thing of the past in the U.S. also is disputable. Longitudinal studies by the IRS and others that measure the progress of individuals over time show that the American dream is alive and well. One such paper, published by the Pew Charitable Trusts in 2012, measured whether a person has more or less income, earnings, or wealth than his or her parents did at the same age and concluded that the vast majority of Americans had higher incomes, while 50% had greater wealth.

In other studies, Pew has found generational stagnation but the authors have noted that it didn't apply to immigrants. If low-income immigrants can rise even when the native-born don't, writes Mr. Sowell, that strongly suggests that American society continues to offer opportunities to move up economically, but that not all groups make the same use of these opportunities.

Mr. Riley, a Manhattan Institute senior fellow and Journal contributor is the author of Please Stop Helping Us: How Liberals Make It Harder for Blacks to Succeed (Encounter Books, 2014).

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PR 605 Lecture Notes - Lecture 49: Trait Theory

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