BIOL3040 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Guanylyl Cyclase, Protein Kinase, Endothelium

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magentamarten253

5 Apr 2017

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2 classes of signaling molecules: cell-surface receptors. Lecture 21 extracellular signaling molecule (ligand) that binds to a receptor on a cell surface. Receptor will change in someway to change the molecule. Leads to a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules: eventually changes something within the cell or function, all molecules that are passing off the signals. 3 main classes ion channel-coupled receptors: ion channel is closed until a signaling molecule binds to it which allows it to open and allow ions flowing in/out. G-protein coupled receptors (gpcrs: talked about wednesday, 7-pass membrane protein. Next to gpcr is the g-protein: when activated by signaling molecule, g-protein is activated and activates other intracellular signaling molecules and allows a long chain of activation, amplifies signal. Steroid hormones cortisol binds to an intracellular receptor inside the cell called the nuclear receptor protein: changes conformation and activates it and goes inside the nucleus, once there, it binds to dna and promotes transcription of certain genes.

Related Questions

Cell biology Questions

1. Where is the sugar-phosphate backbone located in a DNA strand within the DNA double helix?

a) Alternates between outside and inside

b)Inside

c)Outside

d)Varies between purines and pyrimidines

e)Depends on the species

2) Which of these statements defines paracrine cell signaling?

A messenger molecule released into the blood stream to bind to a receptor on a cell far away from the release site.

A messenger molecule released by a cell into the extracellular space that binds to receptors on the surface of the same cell.

A messenger molecules released by a cell into the extracellular space that travels short distances to bind to a receptor in a nearby cell.

A messenger molecule release by a tissue into the lumen of an organ that diffuse to bind to receptors far away from the release site.

e)All of the above.

3. Which effect has the binding of the ligand to a G-protein coupled receptor on intracellular G-protein?

a)		ATP is hydrolyzed, activating phosphorylation
b)		GTP is exchanged for GDP on the G protein, inactivating the G protein
c)		GDP is exchanged for GTP on the G protein, activating the G protein
d)		GMP is released from the G-protein, inactivating the receptor
e)		None of the above

viridiangoat964

1. Which cellular processes occur as a consequence of differential control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells?

a) Cell Differentiation

b) Differential Translation

c) Differential Polymerization

d) Differential DNA Replication

e) Differential tRNA Degradation

2) Multicellular organisms are comprised of a variety of cells with different morphologies and different functions. Which is the underlying mechanism that leads to the generation of diverse cell in one organism?

a) The expression of all genes in all cell types.

b) The duplication of the genome in certain cell types.

c) The elimination of specific group of genes from different cell types.

d) The differential expression of particular sets of genes required for a particular cellular phenotype

e) All of the above

3) Which of these statements defines paracrine cell signaling?

a)		A messenger molecule released into the blood stream to bind to a receptor on a cell far away from the release site.
b)		A messenger molecule released by a cell into the extracellular space that binds to receptors on the surface of the same cell.
c)		A messenger molecules released by a cell into the extracellular space that travels short distances to bind to a receptor in a nearby cell.
d)		A messenger molecule release by a tissue into the lumen of an organ that diffuse to bind to receptors far away from the release site.
e)		All of the above.

4) Which effect has the binding of the ligand to a G-protein coupled receptor on intracellular G-protein?

a)		ATP is hydrolyzed, activating phosphorylation
b)		GTP is exchanged for GDP on the G protein, inactivating the G protein
c)		GDP is exchanged for GTP on the G protein, activating the G protein
d)		GMP is released from the G-protein, inactivating the receptor
e)		None of the above

coffeehippopotamus191

QUESTION 1

Which of the following is an example of an extracellular signal molecule?

	a.	IP₃
	b.	cAMP
	c.	Insulin
	d.	Diacylglycerol

2 points

QUESTION 2

Nuclear hormone receptors _____

	a.	Bind to water soluble ligands
	b.	Activate second messengers
	c.	Regulate transcription in response to ligand binding
	d.	Are normally located on the plasma membrane

2 points

QUESTION 3

Which of the following does not occur when a receptor tyrosine kinase is bound by ligand?

	a.	Phosphorylation of the RTK
	b.	Cytoplasmic proteins bind the phosphorylated RTK
	c.	Dimerization of the RTK
	d.	The RTK binds to DNA to regulate transcription

2 points

QUESTION 4

Which of these is a logical signal-transduction pathway?

	a.	An intracellular receptor activates phospholipase C, which cleaves a membrane protein to form IP₃, which then activates the opening of an ER channel protein, which releases cyclic AMP into the cytoplasm, where it binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response.
	b.	A G-protein-linked receptor activates G protein, which activates phospholipase C, which cleaves a membrane lipid to form IP₃, which binds to a calcium channel on the ER, which opens to release calcium ions into the cytoplasm, which bind to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response.
	c.	An ion-channel receptor opens, allowing a steroid hormone to enter the cell; the steroid hormone then activates protein kinases that convert GTP to GDP, which binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response.
	d.	A tyrosine-kinase receptor activates adenylyl cyclase, which activates phospholipase C, which converts ATP into cyclic AMP, which binds to an intracellular enzyme that carries out a response.

2 points

QUESTION 5

Which of the following is an example of signal amplification?

	a.	activation of an enzyme molecule
	b.	activation of a specific gene by a growth factor
	c.	Breakdown of many cAMP molecules
	d.	activation of 100 molecules by a single signal binding event

2 points

QUESTION 6

Consider a signal transduction pathway that utilizes cAMP as a second messenger to activate PKA (Protein Kinase A). Which of the following situations will result in the cellular response?

		The G protein releases GDP and binds to GTP
		The target protein (adenylyl cyclase) is inactive
		The regulatory subunits of PKA (Protein Kinase A) are bound to the catalytic subunits
		The appropriate G protein is bound to GDP

2 points

QUESTION 7

Which of the following is found in only some signal transduction pathways? [In other words, which is not found in all signal transduction pathways?]

		Receptor protein
		Extracellular signal molecule
		Intracellular signaling molecule
		Cellular response
		Effector protein

2 points

QUESTION 8

The enzyme that specifically catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP is:

		Adenylyl phosphatase
		Adenylyl kinase
		Adenylyl dehydrogenase
		Adenylyl cyclase

2 points

QUESTION 9

If an animal cell suddenly lost the ability to produce GTP, what might happen to its signaling system?

		It would use ATP instead of GTP to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
		It would not be able to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
		It would employ a transduction pathway directly from an external messenger.
		It would be able to carry out reception and transduction but would not be able to respond to a signal.

2 points

QUESTION 10

A hormone signal is sent from the brain to other parts of the body via the bloodstream. Why do only certain cells respond to this signal?

		Hormones do not last long enough in the bloodstream to stimulate a cellular response
		Only cells that have a specific transcription factor gene will be able to respond to the signal
		Only cells in the immediate vicinity of the cell sending the signal will respond
		Only cells that have a receptor for the specific signal will be able to respond to it

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BIOL3040 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Guanylyl Cyclase, Protein Kinase, Endothelium

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