HIST 221 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Pyrrhic Victory, Plebs, Military Intelligence

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12 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
1
Roman Republic
For America to become a monarchy, what must happen?
Early Rome (753-500)
I. Foundation legends & Kings (753-510)
A. Romulus & Remus
1. reveals internecine conflict ID
B. Rape of the Sabine women
1. reveals melting pot ID
C. Rape & Suicide of Lucretia
1. Reveals hatred of monarchy
Government (Republic, 510-27 BC)
I. 2 Consuls
A. 1 yr term
B. check & balance each other
C. after term, Provincial govern
II. Senate
A. Not elected. Comprised of ex-magistrates
1. admission = previously holding office
2. effect = conservative
B. advisory board
III. Assembly
A. Voted on laws & court cases
B. in blocks based on wealth
IV. Orders
A. Patricians: family traced to city’s foundation
B. Plebians: family immigrated to Rome
Offices
I. Ladder of offices (Cursus honorum)
A. Consuls (presidents)
1. 1yr term; 2 elected/yr ; min. age 42
B. Praetors (judges)
1. 8 elected/yr; min age 39
C. Aediles (public works)
1. 4 elected/yr; min age 36
D. Quaestor (treasurer)
1. age 30
--late teens-20s = military service
II. Other offices
A. Tribunes (10)
1. pwr to veto
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2
2. body = sacrosanct
3. from plebian class
B. Dictator
1. only emergencies. 6 months
400s
I. Defensive city-state
EXPANDING 300s
396 BC dominate central Italy
390 BC Gauls sack Rome
o vowed never again: July 18 = Roman 9/11
290 BC most of Italy conquered
SURVIVING: 280-275
I. Pyrrhus (Greek) invades Italy (280-75)
A. Tarentum (s. Italy) asked Pyrrhus for help
B. War
1. Wins battle (280)
a. Huge losses “Pyrrhic victory”
2. Wins battle (279)
b. Huge losses “Pyrrhic victory”
3. Diverted to Sicily (not Roman) to help Sicilians against Carthage
a. Quarrels w/ allies. Accomplishes nothing
4. Loses battle (275)
5. Returns to Epirus (275) w/ 1/3 army & no accomplishments
SURVIVING: Punic Wars (200s)
I. 1st Punic War (264-41)
A. whatevs
II. 2nd Punic War (218-02)
A. Hannibal invades Italy, crossing Alps from Spain (217-05)
1. 15 days
B. Northern Italy
1. Execute Roman POWs
2. Frees Italian POWs
3. Ļ Italian defections
C. Battle of Lake Trasimene (217)
1. 16,000 Romans killed
D. Battle of Cannae (216)
1. 45,000-70,000 Romans killed
E. Battle of Zama (202)
1. Rome defeats Hannibal
How did Rome survive?
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I. Manpower
A. Citizenship to conquered Italians
II. Diplomacy
A. alliances
B. rarely war on 2 fronts
III. Army
A. Discipline
1. no sex
2. decimation if unit = cowards
a. draw lots
b. 1/10 clubbed to death by other 9/10
3. sleep sentries fell asleep = DEATH!
B. Recruitment
1. No standing army (until 1st cent BC)
2. Levy each yr
EXPANDING 100s-30 B.C.
I. Spain (201)
II. Macedon (148)
III. Greece (146)
IV. Carthage (146)
V. Syria (63)
VI. Gaul (50)
VII. Egypt (30)
Social changes 100s BC
II. Religious
A. Foreign gods worshipped in Rome
B. New cults
III. Cultural
A. Greek wannabes vs. Roman traditionalists
1. all foreign musicians banned from Rome
IV. Econ
A. Ĺ slaves
B. Latifundia = big farms w/ slave labor
1. swallow up poor farmers (like Walmart)
C. unemployed go to cities
D. Ĺ city population
V. Slave revolts
A. Sicily (135-32; 104-100)
B. Spartacus (73-70)
1. 6000 slaves crucified along road to Rome
a. 125 miles (SLOVentura): 1 crucified slave/35yards
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Document Summary

Early rome (753-500: foundation legends & kings (753-510, romulus & remus, reveals internecine conflict id, rape of the sabine women, reveals melting pot id, rape & suicide of lucretia, reveals hatred of monarchy, 2 consuls. Government (republic, 510-27 bc: 1 yr term, check & balance each other, after term, provincial govern, not elected. Comprised of ex-magistrates: admission = previously holding office, effect = conservative, advisory board. Assembly: voted on laws & court cases, in blocks based on wealth. Orders: patricians: family traced to city"s foundation, plebians: family immigrated to rome, ladder of offices (cursus honorum, consuls (presidents, 1yr term; 2 elected/yr ; min. age 42. Offices: praetors (judges, 8 elected/yr; min age 39, aediles (public works, 4 elected/yr; min age 36, quaestor (treasurer, age 30. Other offices: tribunes (10, pwr to veto. 1: body = sacrosanct, from plebian class, dictator, only emergencies. Expanding 300s: vowed never again: july 18 = roman 9/11.