BIOL 303 Lecture Notes - Lecture 31: Insulin, Keratin, Telomere

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Very large - 3 billion base pairs of dna. Simple repeats in telomeres and centromeres, many scattered non-functional repeats, transposable elements such as alu (300,000 copies), plus duplicated genes. What makes cells different is the combination of the genes that are expressed: ~5,000 housekeeping genes are on in all cells. Over 200 different types of cells - muscle, neurons, skin, etc. Each has a specific subset of genes that are on in that cell - muscle cells make myosin, skin cells make keratin, etc. Produced by differentiation from unspecialized stem cells. Having enough stretching to the muscle, you make more of the muscle proteins. Tracks all proteins made in a cell, tissue, gland, organ or entire body. Proteins can be charted based on the relative abundance of each class at different stages of development. Includes the immunoglobulins, which are activated after birth. A lot less regulation in adults and the enzymes become more important.

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