BC 351 Lecture Notes - Phosphoglycerate Kinase, Glyceraldehyde, Gluconeogenesis

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lemondog142

5 Aug 2014

School

CSU

Department

Biochem + Mole Biology

Course

BC 351

Professor

Aaron Sholders

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Document Summary

Synthesis of structural polymers extracellular matrix and cell wall polysaccharides. Oxidation via pentose phosphate pathway ribose 5-phosphate. C6h12o6 + 6o2 6h2o + 6co2 g" = -2840 kj/mol. Free energy from glucose stored in phosphoanhydride bonds in atp. Electrons removed from pyruvate nadh and fadh2 (electron carriers) Free energy again stored in phosphoanhydride bonds in atp. Preparatory phase phosphorylation of glucose and its conversion to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Cleavage of 6-carbon sugar phosphate to the 3-carbon sugar phosphates. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (2) Payoff phase: oxidative conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to pyruvate and the coupled formation of atp and nadh. 2 pi, 2 nad+ 2 nadh + h+ C6h12o6 + 2 atp 2 gap (3c) + 2 adp. Sugars may be glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, &c. A kinase is a large family of enzymes that catalyze phosphoryl group transfers. These attach inorganic phosphate (pi) to other molecules.

Related Questions

Fill in the blank with either the word reduce/reduced or oxize/oxidized in the appropriate blank

The primary purpose of glycolysis is to ____________________ glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in a coupled reaction that fuels ATP synthesis. The final product pyruvate is later removed from the cell as waste in either the ____________________ form of lactate or the ____________________ form of CO2 depending on the availability of an inorganic electron acceptor. A primary purpose of fermentation is to ____________________ NADH+ in order to support continuing glycolysis in the absence of oxygen. However, when oxygen is present NADH+ will serve as the initial electron donor to the respiratory chain and become ____________________ by the NADH dehydrogenase complex. Membrane-bound quinones shuttle electrons between a(n) ____________________ NADH dehydrogenase complex and a(n) ____________________ cytochrome C complex with a higher reduction potential. As a final electron acceptor of the respiratory chain, oxygen is ____________________ to form water

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Question 1 When energy changes from one form to another, some of the energy that can be used to do work is always lost. The loss of this energy is mostly in the form of _________.
a. heat
b. potential energy
c. kinetic energy
d. light energy
e. mechanical energy

Question 2 Which of the following is exergonic?
a. binding fatty acids and glycerol molecules together to form lipids
b. building proteins from amino acids
c. binding sugars molecules together to form glycogen
d. breaking bonds in starch to release glucose
e. adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

Question 3 The first law of thermodynamics states that:
a. energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
b. the universe is increasing in entropy.
c. all living organisms must eat to derive energy.
d. energy is required to bring molecules into a cell against a concentration gradient.
e. in energy-yielding reactions, matter goes from a more-ordered to a less-ordered state.

Question 4 Which of the following is true of energy?
a. It can be transferred from one form to another with 100 percent efficiency.
b. It can be created.
c. It can be stored in chemical bonds.
d. It can never be stored.
e. It can be released by forming chemical bonds.

Question 5 Metabolism is:
a. the sum of all the energy a cell uses.
b. the sum of all the vitamins a cell contains.
c. the sum of all the enzymes a cell contains.
d. the sum of all the chemical reactions that an organism carries out.
e. the sum of all the ATP a cell contains.

Question 6 Entropy is the measure of ________ in a system.
a. disorder
b. order
c. energy
d. work
e. heat

Question 7 What percentage of the energy stored in glucose are humans cells able to use to do useful work?
a. 37%
b. 100%
c. 15%
d. 52%
e. 48%

Question 8 What is activation energy?
a. the energy gained by living things, allowing them to remain active
b. the energy produced by the breakdown of ATP to ADP.
c. the energy required to initiate or begin a chemical reaction
d. the energy created by enzymes during exergonic reactions
e. the energy lost by living things in the form of heat

Question 9 Which of the following is true of allosteric enzymes?
a. Their activity can be reduced when the product binds the enzyme.
b. Their activity can be reduced when a coenzyme binds to them.
c. Their activity can be reduced when the substrate binds the enzyme.
d. Their activity can be increased when the product binds the enzyme.

Question 10 Which of the following is a true statement about enzymes?
a. They are made of proteins.
b. They are altered by the reactions they catalyze.
c. They increase the energy of activation of chemical reactions.
d. All of the above are true.
e. None of the above is true.

Question 11 What is the energy currency of cells?
a. ADP
b. enzymes
c. glucose
d. vitamins
e. ATP

Question 12 Kinetic energy is ____________, while potential energy is _____________.
a. stored energy; energy that is being used
b. stored energy; energy that can't be used
c. energy that is being used; stored energy
d. energy that can't be used; stored energy

Question 13 The energy released during ________ reactions can be used to drive ________ reactions, and this is called ________ reactions.
a. exergonic; endergonic; coupled
b. endergonic; exergonic; coupled
c. exergonic; endergonic; mutually dependent
d. coupled; mutually dependent; independent
e. endergonic; exergonic; mutually dependent

Question 14 ADP + P + Energy --> ATP Which of the following is a true statement about the chemical reaction above?
a. This is a coupled reaction.
b. This is an exergonic reaction.
c. The product of the reaction contains more energy than that of all of the reactants combined.
d. This is an endergonic reaction.
e. This is an example of a catabolic reaction.

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BC 351 Lecture Notes - Phosphoglycerate Kinase, Glyceraldehyde, Gluconeogenesis

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