PSYC 305 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Echoic Memory, Xbl, Iconic Memory
Chapter 5 Short-term Memory/Working Memory
Short Term/Working Memory
• Sensory memory
• Iconic memory
• Echoic memory
Memory
• Short term memory
− vs. LTM
− Primary vs. Secondary
− Immediate vs. delayed recall
• Working memory
− Store vs. manipulation
− Letter number sequencing, holding and manipulating information
− 312 + 259
Capacity
• Miller’s plus or ius
• Chunking
o BYGROUPINGITEMSINTOUNITSWEREMEMBERBETTER
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o AREA CODES
STM—Experimental Evidence
• Miller—How big is STM?
• Brown-Peterson—How long does it last?
• Waugh & Norman—decay vs. interference in STM forgetting
STM—Experimental Evidence II
• Memory span—How is information stored in STM?
• Serial position effects—How is information stored and retrieved?
• Sternberg—How do we scan STM?
Brown-Peterson Task
• Attend to the stimulus SILENTLY
• Count backward OUTLOUD by threes from the number you see (to my beat)
XBL
Begi outig akards fro ’s
564
RMU
Begi outig akards fro ’s
662
TSV
Begi outig akards fro ’s
341
Recall letters
Brown-Peterson Task
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Recall of three letters 50% after 3 s counting
Recall of three letters 5% after 18 s counting
Recall Accuracy in the Brown-Peterson Task
• What contributed to forgetting?
• Interference vs. Decay
• Brown-Peterson—decay
− letters vs. counting independent
• Waugh & Norman (1965)—interference
• How test?
• Waugh and Norman
Time vs. level of interference (number of intervening items)
• Subjects heard a list of 16 digits read at either 1 or 4 digits per sec.
• Last digit was a repeat of an earlier one. Subject had to remember which digit came
after it in the list.
• Eaple: , , , 9….….reall the digit .
• Interference or Decay?
(Waugh and Norman)
• If forgetting was caused by decay:
• The 4 s group should differ in recall from the 16 s group
• Results: No differences in recall accuracy
• How is Memory Stored?
• What interferes with recall?
• e.g. Ca’t thik of the ae ut I ko it starts ith ….
• How is Memory Stored?
− Acoustic-articulatory code
(sound) (pronunciation)
− Semantic code
− Visual code
− Movement-based code
http://coglab.wadsworth.com/experiments/MemorySpan.shtml
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Document Summary
Letter number sequencing, holding and manipulating information. Capacity: miller"s (cid:1011) plus or (cid:373)i(cid:374)us (cid:1006, chunking. Stm experimental evidence: miller how big is stm, brown-peterson how long does it last, waugh & norman decay vs. interference in stm forgetting. Brown-peterson task: attend to the stimulus silently, count backward outloud by threes from the number you see (to my beat) Recall of three letters 50% after 3 s counting. Recall of three letters 5% after 18 s counting. Recall accuracy in the brown-peterson task: what contributed to forgetting, brown-peterson decay. Decay letters vs. counting independent: waugh & norman (1965) interference, how test, waugh and norman. Time vs. level of interference (number of intervening items: subjects heard a list of 16 digits read at either 1 or 4 digits per sec, last digit was a repeat of an earlier one. Subject had to remember which digit came after it in the list: e(cid:454)a(cid:373)ple: (cid:1011), (cid:1008), (cid:1010), 9 . (cid:1008) . re(cid:272)all the digit (cid:1010).
