ECON 100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Loanable Funds, Economic Equilibrium

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9 May 2016

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Savings, interest rates, and the market for loanable funds. Shifts in demand: to look at the demand side, we shift perspectives to those who borrow in the loanable funds market. A firm should borrow to fund an investment only if the expected return is greater than the interest rate on the loan. Investor confidence: the demand for loanable funds also depends on the beliefs or expectations of the investors at business firms. Investment requires saving because ever dollar borrowed requires a dollar saves.

Related Questions

1. Why Niall Ferguson thought that the expansionary fiscal policy (or government deficit) could produce crowding-out effect? You can explain by using the IS-LM model or you can use the logic of loanable funds theory.

Niall Ferguson believed that expansionary fiscal policy could produce a crowding-out effect. Ferguson believed that if the government tried to increase demand during the crisis it would cause the real interest rate to increase. He theorized that if the government tried to boost the economy through deficit spending it would cause the interest rate to rise, which in turn would crowd-out investors and consumers. The interest in the deficit would lead to an increase in the demand for loanable funds, which would lead to an increase in interest rates. Ferguson stated "The lesson of economic growth is very clear. Economic growth does not come from state-led infrastructure investment. It comes from technological innovation, and gains in productivity, and these things come from private sector, not from the state."

2. Why Paul Krugman thinks that Niall Ferguson was wrong and thought that government deficit could not produce a crowding-out effect? In other words, please explain Krugman's Liquidity trap .

Paul Krugman disagreed with Ferguson and believed that the government deficit could not produce a crowding out effect. Krugman's liquidity trap: Private demand is so low that even if the short-term interest rate is 0% spending is less that what is needed for full employment. Normal monetary policy of the central bank purchasing short-term debts with new money is ineffective. Krugman argues that a major issue during the crisis was people wanting to save money combined with the private sector being far less likely to invest. He referred to this a "savings glut". It was argued that the federal reserve was playing the part that the private banking system through buying private securities and the federal government was playing the roll that business wasn't by engaging in investment. Due to the liquidity trap excess demand for savings is not going to drive interest rates up. Krugman stated " Government borrowing gives some of those excess saving a place to go and in the process expands overall demand, and hence GDP. It does not crowd out private spending, at least not until the excess supply of savings has been sopped up, which is the same thing as saying not until the economy has escaped from the liquidity trap."

3. In the discussion, other discussants such as George Soros and Robin Wells pointed out some interesting issues. Please provide at least one thing that you agree and one thing that you disagree. Discuss in details why you think so.

I agree with Soros view that the publics view of the financial markets has been forever changed. " Financial markets namely that they tend toward equilibrium, and that equilibrium is disturbed by extraneous forces, outside shocks. But the finical system collapsed of its own weight." I feel like this is a situation in which it takes a very long time to build trust, but that trust can be lost instantly. The crash has challenged the felling of security that people once felt in the banking system. The idea of the market regulating itself is fading, it wasn't until the government stepped that people felt reassured in the banking system. I believe this will lead to a period of government regulation that wouldn't have arose without this change in view. I disagree with robin Wells' view that the US needs to shift towards protectionism. I believe that free trade is good for everyone as long as there is a comparative advantage. If the US moves toward protections as a result of the deficit it will slow economic growth and place us at a disadvantage compared to countries with free trade. Not to mention consumers in the US will be placed with the burden of higher prices on goods.

Please make comments to the discussion I provided above(at least 300 words). And you can start with "I agree with you on some points... But I disagree with you on some points".

$30,000 QUESTION 3 Imagine you live in a society with progressive taxation. Your friend makes half of your salary and pays 20 percent in income taxes. Which rate most likely would be your income tax rate? (5 points) 2 percent 10 percent 20 percent 40 percent QUESTION 4 02_08_g4_q1.png Look at the bar graph. What kind of tax is depicted here? (5 points) Flat Proportional Progressive Regressive QUESTION 5 Which of these is an example of indirect tax? (5 points) Corporate income tax Gasoline tax Paycheck withholdings Property tax QUESTION 6 02_08_g6_q1.jpg Look at the graph. How does the tax shown differ from a proportional tax? (5 points) A progressive tax increases with income level; a proportional tax decreases with income level. A regressive tax decreases with income level; a proportional tax is the same percentage for everyone. A progressive tax increases with income level; a proportional tax is the same percentage for everyone. A regressive tax is the same percentage for everyone; a proportional tax increases with income level. QUESTION 7 Which of these investments may pay dividends? (5 points) Bonds Savings accounts Certificates of deposit Stocks QUESTION 8 02_08_g8_q1.jpg Assume that the blue section (D) of the chart stands for stocks and the red (A) for mutual funds. This would most likely represent the portfolio of a (5 points) young investor middle-aged investor nearly-retired investor elderly investor QUESTION 9 Assume that the blue section (D) of the chart stands for stocks and the red (A) for mutual funds. This would most likely represent the portfolio of a (5 points) young investor middle-aged investor nearly-retired investor elderly investor QUESTION 9 Which of the following investment plans best reflects diversification? (5 points) Ben has an investment portfolio with numerous stocks and futures. Kenya invests in stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. Jeremiah takes out a CD and keeps the rest of his money in a savings account. Molly splits her investment between mutual funds and a money market account. QUESTION 10 Rudy is a 52-year-old freelance writer who wants a short-term, low-risk investment with low liquidity. Which of these investment vehicles should he consider? (5 points) CD IRA Mutual fund Stocks QUESTION 11 Hometown Bank Products Minimum Opening Deposit Interest Paid per Year Monthly Fee Checking $100.00 0.00% $0.00 Savings $250.00 0.50% $0.00 Platinum Savings $1,000.00 0.75% $10.00 CD (1year) $1,000.00 1.05% $0.00 CD (5 year) $1,000.00 1.80% $0.00 Money Market $1,000.00 0.75% $10.00 Vesna has $1,000 to invest, and she will need to have her money available in the next six months. Which product will yield her the highest interest in her time frame with no monthly fee? (5 points) One-year CD Checking Platinum savings Savings QUESTION 12 Which type of credit involves a set limit based on what a consumer pays up front? (5 points) Loans Installment credit Secured credit cards Unsecured credit cards QUESTION 13 Milo has received several credit card offers. Which of the following features is the riskiest? (5 points) High credit limit Fixed interest Low credit limit Variable interest QUESTION 14 02_08_g14.jpg Amun has four credit cards, each with a different interest rate. He charges $1,000 to each card in January and does not pay down any of the cards for four months. Based on the data in the chart, which two cards accrue the most amount of interest over time? (5 points) Credit 1 and Credit 3 Credit 1 and Credit 4 Credit 2 and Credit 3 Credit 2 and Credit 4 QUESTION 15 Samuel needs to decrease his expenses. To which category should he make cuts first? (5 points) Entertainment Housing Transportation Utilities QUESTION 16 Your friend's job pays $5.00 per hour and he works 20 hours per week. His tax rate is 20 percent. Assuming he works 50 weeks of the year, his yearly gross income is (5 points) $1,000 $4,000 $5,000 $10,000 QUESTION 17 02_08_g17_q3.jpg Gillian graphed her expenses in this pie chart to evaluate how she was spending her income. She would like to purchase health insurance, and calculates that it will cost 10 percent of her income for a year to save for the premium. How could she best shift her expenses to save 10 percent? (5 points) Buy a fuel-efficient car Cut household electricity usage Eat out less often Reduce payments on her debt QUESTION 18 Jonah has a high-paying job and would like to start saving for retirement. He has evaluated his budget in order to add savings to his expenses. He has a moderate amount of debt, and he spends a great deal on housing. His utilities, transportation, and health, expenses are fixed, and he spends little on recreation or eating out. Which action is he most likely to take? (5 points) Consider less costly housing options Pay off his debt Reduce his recreation expenses Search for a job with a higher salary QUESTION 19 Location Starting Salary Cost of Living (per person) Moving Costs Baltimore, MD $51,000 $22,000 $1,200 Cincinnati, OH $42,000 $19,000 none Miami, FL $42,000 $22,000 $1,500 New York, NY $49,000 $26,000 $1,300 Constance will graduate within a year with her teaching certification. She has evaluated teaching jobs in four states. A teaching job in which city would result in the most disposable income in the first year? (5 points) Baltimore, MD Cincinnati, OH Miami, FL New York, NY

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Question 3

According to Joseph Schumpeter, the theory of creative destruction describes a process by which

	A	some new products unleash a gale of destruction that drive other new products out of the market.
B		new products unleash a gale of destruction that drives old products out of the market.
C		new products are created by the destruction of capital.
D		the creation of new products never involves the destruction of old products.

Question 4

Which of the following countries had the highest GDP per capita in 2012?

		A Qatar
B		United States
C		Japan
D		Norway

Question 5

________ save a ________ of their income. This ________ capital in their economy and raises economic growth.

	A	Developing countries; large proportion; decreases
B		Developing countries; small proportion; increases
C		High-income countries; large proportion; increases
D		High-income countries; small proportion; increases

Question 6

The demand for loanable funds is determined by the willingness of ________ to borrow money to engage in new investment projects.

A		government
B		households
C		banks
D		firms

Question 7

The U.S. economy has been more stable since 1950.

True

False

Question 8

When the economy reaches a trough in a business cycle, which of the following will occur?

A		Income, production, and employment will continue to fall.
B		Income, production, and employment will begin to rise.
C		Income and production will rise, but employment will continue to fall.
D		Employment rises, but income and production will continue to fall.

Question 9

In a closed economy, what is the relationship between saving and investment?

A		Saving is greater than investment.
B		Investment is greater than saving.
C		Investment is equal to saving.
D		Investment may be greater or smaller than saving.

Question 10

The per-worker production function shows the relationship between ________ per hour worked and ________ per hour worked, holding ________ constant.

A		labor; real GDP; technology
B		capital; real GDP; technology
C		labor; capital; real GDP
D		capital; labor; real GDP

Question 11

New growth theory states that increases in ________ capital will result in ________ at the ________ level.

	A	knowledge; increasing returns to scale; firm
	B	physical; decreasing returns to scale; firm
	C	knowledge; decreasing returns to scale; economy
D		knowledge; increasing returns to scale; economy

Question 12

Which of the following is not a reason why the Industrial Revolution occurred when and where it did?

A		The British government was committed to upholding private property rights.
B		The British government was able to eliminate arbitrary increases in taxes.
C		The British government was able to more easily seize wealth.
D		Institutional changes by the British government helped protect wealth.

Question 13

Growth in real GDP per capita for the world economy was greatest during

A		the seventeenth century.
B		the eighteenth century.
C		the nineteenth century.
D		the twentieth century.

Question 14

Which of the following is a normative statement about economic growth?

A		Economic growth is associated with higher labor productivity growth.
B		Economic growth increases GDP per capita.
C		Economic growth hurts developing countries.
D		Foreign direct investment stimulates economic growth.

Question 15

The effect of a recession on a company like Whirlpool Corporation is such that

A		sales decline more sharply for Whirlpool as compared to firms that do not produce durable goods.
B		profits fall less sharply as compared to firms that do not produce durable goods.
C		the decline in sales is more short-lived as compared to firms that do not produce durable goods.
D		there is no difference in the impact of the recession on its profits as compared to firms that do not produce durable goods.

Question 16

For the recessions in the United States since the 1950s,

A		cyclical unemployment has been non-existent.
B		unemployment rises on average by about 1.2 percentage points 12 months after a recession begins.
C		unemployment falls on average by 2 percentage points 12 months after a recession begins.
D		unemployment rises on average about 5 percentage points 12 months after a recession begins.

Question 17

You are an economic advisor to the president. You are asked to recommend a policy to promote long-term economic growth in the economy. Which of the following policies would you choose?

A		a reduction in sales taxes
B		an investment tax credit
C		a reduction in taxes on luxury yachts
D		All of these

Question 18

In comparison to a government that runs a balanced budget, when the government runs a budget deficit,

	A	the equilibrium interest rate will fall.
	B	business investment will fall.
	C	household savings will fall.
	D	None of these

Question 19

If labor productivity growth slows down in a country, this means that the growth rate in ________ has declined.

A		labor force participation
B		the quantity of goods or services that can be produced by one hour of work
C		the working-age population
D		nominal GDP

Question 20

Policies to promote growth by increasing saving and investment work through

A		decreasing the supply of loanable funds, lowering the interest rate, raising the level of investment in physical capital.
B		increasing the supply of loanable funds, increasing the interest rate, raising the level of investment in physical capital.
C		increasing the supply of loanable funds, lowering the interest rate, lowering the level of investment in physical capital.
D		increasing the supply of loanable funds, lowering the interest rate, raising the level of investment in physical capital.

ECON 100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Loanable Funds, Economic Equilibrium

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