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CHEM 1021 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Cathode Ray Tube, Radiant Energy, Picometre

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burgundywombat997

8 Dec 2018

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Thomson"s cathode ray tube experiment led to the plum pudding atomic model in 1897 (discovery of the electron) Rutherford"s gold foil experiment led to the nuclear atomic model in 1909 (nucleus as the positively charged center of the atom) Light seen with your eyes is visible light (a form of electromagnetic radiation, henceforth emr) Emr is energy moving through space as waves (thus, radiant energy) Light is one of many types of emr. Emr as energy propagated through space as waves by electric and magnetic fields. Characteristics of waves (the crest of a wave is the peak, the trough is the low point): Wavelength (the distance between successive peaks; measured by the length of 1 repeat; symbolized by lamda ) Frequency (the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in 1 second; symbolized by nu ) Amplitude (the height of wave; symbolized by a) Emr as a continuum of wavelengths; long (10^3 m) to short (10^-12 m; picometer)

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LIGHT LAB SPRING 2018 CHEM 1430 Ill. Quantization of Electromagnetic Radiation In 1894, the German physidist, Max Plank, was working for a utility company to maximize visible light output from incandescent lamps using minimum power. Based on theoretical considerations, Planck postulated that electromagnetic energy could only be emitted at discrete values, rather than the continuum of predicted by classical physics, as multiples of the frequency of the radiation. Planck's Postulate took the mathematical form: EÂ·hv where the energy emitted, in Joules, is the product of a constant, h, known as Planck's Constant, and the frequency of the radiation, v. Planck's Postulate was experimentally verified and h found to have the value of 6.626 x 1034 Js(Joule seconds). The idea that electromagnetic radiation energy had specific frequency dependent energy was termed a "quantum of action," a distressing finding for the dlassically trained Planck. Despite his objections, Planck adopted this quantization of energy as a last resort to reconcile experiment with theory. This discovery set the stage for the early understanding of atomic structure, led to the term "photon" to describe the packet of energy carried by light waves, led to an understanding of the photoelectric effect, eventually leading to the development of general quantum theory Planck's Relationship, in combination with the tight equation, c the energy of a photon from frequency or wavelength. Î» w, allow expressions to be written to calculate ACTIVITY 4: QUANTIZATION OF THE ENERGY OF RADIATION To practice cakculations with Planck's Relationship, complete the following table, showing work with units in the right mest column, Convert given frequency to energy or given wavelength to energy. Take the value for Planck's Constant, h, to be 6.626 x 10"Js, show a calculation string include dimensions, reporting the final value to the proper number of significant figures Spectral Region Wavelength Frequency Energy in J/photon Show Calculation String Î» in meters v in s or cps X-ray 6.0 x 10"m Blue light 4.5 x 10m Infrared 4.1 x 10" cps Microwave 7.3 x 101 cps Radio Wave 3.0x 10 m IV. Bohr's Quantum Model for the Hydrogen Atom Ernest Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment of 1911 demonstrated the nuclear structure of the atom. Questions remained as to how electrons were arranged in the atom. The most common belief called for the negatively charged the late 19h century recognized a particle (an electron) traveling around a body (the positively charged nucleus) would continuously radiate energy, slowing over time, eventually falling into the nucleus. Matter would collapse. Page 8 of 12