ENVS 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Passive Solar Building Design, Photovoltaics, Kilowatt Hour

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blushwasp460

13 Dec 2016

School

CU-Boulder

Department

Environmental Studies

Course

ENVS 1000

Professor

J.White

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ENVS: Renewable Energy

Solar Power:

● Active:

○ Convert sun’s energy from heat to other useful forms, such as electricity and hot

water

○ Photovoltaics:

■ Devices that convert the sun’s energy directly to electricity

● Passive:

○ Direct use of sun’s heat energy for home heating, etc

○ Primarily home heating but water heating is also sometimes considered a form of

passive solar energy

● Potential is very large, but we need to understand how solar fits into use, and find ways

to store energy

● We get about 3,000 times more solar energy than total energy by humans used

worldwide per year

○ If we only use land area then we get about 1,000 times more solar energy than

total energy used worldwide

● Southwestern US gets almost twice as much sun as Northeastern US

● Line losses in transmission are directly proportional to line length

○ Using lowest resistance wire and highest voltage, loss is about 10% for every

1000 miles it is transferred

● Cost of solar electricity:

○ Industrial System:

■ 15 cents/KWhr on a sunny day

■ 35 cents/KWhr on a cloudy day

○ Home System:

■ 30 cents/KWhr on a sunny day

■ 65 cents/KWhr on a cloudy day

● Solar is by far the most abundant form of renewable energy available

Hydropower:

● This is a form of solar energy, as the sun drives water evaporation from the ocean and

winds carry the moisture over land, but also a form of gravitational energy

● Large form of alternative energy used today (but only 2% of global energy)

○ Industrialized countries have already tapped much of their potential

○ Non-industrialized countries have most of the untapped potential

● Dams:

○ Ultimate source of power is the sun (aided by gravity)

○ Solar energy evaporates water

○ Water falling on land flows downhill

○ Height of dam and mass of water determines useful energy

○ Efficiency is very good, generally 80-90% efficient in converting potential energy

to electrical energy

● Pros and Cons of hydropowers:

○ Pros:

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Document Summary

Convert sun"s energy from heat to other useful forms, such as electricity and hot water. Devices that convert the sun"s energy directly to electricity. Direct use of sun"s heat energy for home heating, etc. Primarily home heating but water heating is also sometimes considered a form of passive solar energy. Potential is very large, but we need to understand how solar fits into use, and find ways to store energy. We get about 3,000 times more solar energy than total energy by humans used worldwide per year. If we only use land area then we get about 1,000 times more solar energy than total energy used worldwide. Southwestern us gets almost twice as much sun as northeastern us. Line losses in transmission are directly proportional to line length. Using lowest resistance wire and highest voltage, loss is about 10% for every. Solar is by far the most abundant form of renewable energy available.

Related Questions

Explain it briefly?

Production from renewable sources Production of H_2 by electrolysis of water is costly and viable only in areas where electricity is cheap or if it is a byproduct of an eco-nomically important process. Environmental pressures are driving technologies to produce H_2 more efficiently from surplus or renewable energy, including solar and biological sources. Electrolysis is used to produce H_2 that is free from contaminants. To drive this reaction, a large overpotential is required to offset the sluggish electrode kinetics, particularly for the production of O_2. The best catalysts are based on platinum, but it is too expensive to justify its use in large-scale plants. As a consequence, electrolysis of water is economical and environmentally benign only if the electrical power stems from cheap, renewable resources or if it is surplus to demand. These conditions are found in countries that have plenty of hydroelectric or nuclear energy. There is also scope for off-shore wind farms that can employ resources far from the electricity grids and are far from the population areas that are otherwise necessary for conventional power generation. Electrolysis is carried out using hundreds of cells arranged in series, each operating at 2 V with iron or nickel electrodes and aqueous NaOH (or an ion-selective membrane) as electro- lyte (Fig. 10.5). Temperatures of 80-85 degree C are used to increase the electrolytic current and to lower the overpotential. The most important electrolytic H_2 production method is the chlor-alkah process (Box 1 1.2), in which H, is produced as a byproduct of NaOH manufacture. In this process the other gaseous product is Cl, which requires a lower overpotential than O_2. As yet, however, only about 0.1 per cent of the global H_2 demand is produced by electrolysis, including that produced in the chlor-alkali process. This percentage could be improved by the development of cheap and efficient clectrocatalysts to reduce the economically wasteful overpotential. Hydrogen can be produced by fermentation, using anaerobic bacteria that use cultivated biomass or biological waste as their energy source (Box 10.1). Research is also under way to establish how best to produce H_2 by exploiting solar energy directly either through physical methods (solar-powered thermolysis or photo)

If considering only electricity production,nuclear energy produces____

A) no CO2

B) about the same amount of CO2 as fossil fuels

C) significantly more CO2 than fossil fuels

D) significantly less CO2 than fossil fuels, but a measurableamount

As of today, high level nuclear waste in the US is stored_____

A) at Yucca Mountain

B) at each reactor site

C) on the moon

D) in the ocean

The majority of the uranium used for electricity productioncomes from_____

A) underground mines

B) surface mines

C) decommissioned nuclear weapons

D) the moons of Uranus

Most of the nuclear energy used in the U.S. is used for ____

A) transportation fuel

B) public water heating

C) electricity production

D) bombardment of Afghanistan

A spent nuclear fuel rod is ____

A) no longer radioactive, but still dangerous

B) no longer radioactive and no longer dangerous

C) no longer able to produce electricity, but still radioactive

Electricity is generated in a nuclear power plant because___

A) A nuclear reaction of uranium generates electricity directly

B) Uranium is burned which boils water and the steam turns aturbine

C) A nuclear reaction of uranium generates heat which boils waterand the steam turns a turbine

D) Radiation released from uranium is converted into electricity bya centrifuge

Enrichment of uranium is necessary____

A) only for construction of atomic weapons

B) in order to make the uranium safe to transport from the minesite

C) only for fusion nuclear reactors

D) for any commercial or military application of nuclear energy

A uranium fission reaction occurs when____

A) uranium is placed in boiling water

B) uranium is set on fire

C) uranium is hit with a neutron

D) uranium is enriched

The average oil and gas fracking operation in Kansas uses ______per well.

A) 50,000 gallons of water

B) 100,000 gallons of water

C) 500,000 gallons of water

D) 1 million gallons of water

E) 2 million gallons of water

What is closest to the number of mountains that have beendestroyed during mountaintop removal in the U.S._____

A) 50

B) 500

C) 5000

D) 15000

In order to release the energy from a fossil fuel, humanstypically ____

A) burn them

B) refine them

C) process them

D) spill them

Surface mining is the typical extraction technique for ___

A) coal

B) tar shale

C) petroleum

D) natural gas

E) both A and B

F) both C and D

Primary and secondary recovery from well sites are the typicalextraction technique for ____

A) coal

B) tar shale

C) petroleum

D) natural gas

E) both A and B

F) both C and D

During the early part of petroleum extraction in Kansas,technology available would be able to extract approximately ___

A) 10% of the total petroleum

B) 25% of the total petroleum

C) 50% of the total petroleum

D) 75% of the total petroleum

E) 100% of the total petroleum

During the Obama administration, petroleum production has ____in Kansas and ____ in the U.S. overall.

A) increased

carmineraccoon103

what is the article audiences?

provide sufficient and detail examples from the articles??

three articles features and explain?

please answer is thanks.

Kendrick Taylor looks over the WAIS drill That, at least, is the theory. But temperature can be exchanged between the poles through other channels, including the atmosphere, which moves heat faster than ocean currents do, says Bo Vinther, a postdoc at the Un versity of Copenhagen, who has worked on coring projects in Greenland and Antarctica. Ifpalaeoclimatologists see long lags between temperature changes at the poles when they stack the WAIS cores up against those from Greenland, that evidence would suggest a lead role for the ocean in the bipolar seesaw. But a shorter lag would suggest a more prominent role for theatmosphere. The CO2 record will help to answer this ques tion, too: CO2 from deep in the ocean, where arge masses of organic matter have decom. posed, has a different isotopic signature from terrestrial or atmospheric CO2. Heavier CO n the WAIS record would suggest that ocean. irculation bringing up deep water was largely responsible for the bipolar seesaw. With about a kilometre of ice left to pull up, Taylor is hopeful that the core will be complete by the end of the next drilling season. But the final metres can be the toughest to dig up because the drill's descent grows longer with each segment ofextracted core. "We can get it all done next season ifevery thing goes perfectly," he says. "But this is Antarctica. Every day is a surprise Chaz Firestone Mischler, J. A etai. Glob, Biogeochem, Cycles 23, GB4024 2009 22. Bluni & Brook, E. Science 291, 09-112 (2001 3. EPICA Community Members Nature 444,195-198 (2006) For more images from the camp, VeansoG. see go nature.com Altered microbe makes biofuel In a bid to overcome the drawbacks ames Liao, a metabolic engineer and of existing biofuels, researchers have synthetic biologist at the University of engineered a bacterium that can convert California, Los Angeles a form of raw plant biomass directly into LS9's calculations, performed with the clean, road-ready diesel. help of the Argonne National Laboratory So far, biofuels have largely been limited in Illinois, show that the biodiesel that it is to ethanol, which is harder to transport preparing to market reduces greenhouse than petrol and is made from crop plants gas emissions by 85% compared with such as maize (corn) and sugarcane, standard diesel. That calculation is based putting vehicles in competition with on using Brazilian sugarcane, which is hungry mouths. In this week's Nature a much more efficient feedstock than researchers from the University of maize LS9 says that the shift from sugars California, Berkeley, and the biotech firm to biomass as a feedstock would reduce LS9 of South San Francisco, California, greenhouse gases even further. among others describe apotential solution The company has been working to modified Escherichia coli bacterium that convert sugars into tailored molecules for can make biodiesel directly from sugar several years, says co-author Stephen del omponent The process has Cardayre, LS9's vice-president for research and development. hemicellulose, of plant fibre (see page 559 a lot of promise The method can be tailored However, their university to produce ahost of high for actually being collaborators went two steps value chemicals, including further, eliminating the need for commercialized molecules that mimic additives and then folding in the standard petrol, and could be expanded to ability to use hemicellulose asafeedstock. work on tougher cellulosicmaterials, the This a representation of the type researchers say. of efforts that are going to move us to The work identifies a potentially cost biomass," he says. effective way of converting grass orcrop The researchers basically amplified waste directly into fuel, filling gas tanks and then short-circuited E coli's internal without raising global food prices or machinery for producing large fatty-acid increasing hunger and deforestation i molecules, enabling them to convert far-flung locales. Moreover, the process precursor molecules directly into fuels is much more climate friendly than and other chemicals. The team then facturing ethanol from maize, and inserted genes from other bacteria to manu produces higher-energy fuels that are produce enzymes able to break down interchangeable with current petroleum hemicellulose. In all, the authors report products. The next step is to scale the more than a dozen genetic modifications process up and adapt it to cellulose, which The results could buoy LS9, says Mark makes up the bulk of plant material Bunger, a research director at business "It's a nice milestone in the field of consultancy Lux Research in San Francisco. biofuels, and it has a lot of promise for Like its competitors, including Amyris actually being commer rcialized," says of Emeryville, California, and South San Francisco-based S LS9 struggled for funding in 2008 and early 2009 because of the drop in oil prices and the economic downturn, Bunger says. But LS9 made it through, securing US$25 million in new funding from various sources, including a strategic partnership with oil giant Chevron last September. The company plans to open a commercial-scale demonstration plant later this year. eff Tollefso Switchgrass could be made into diesel cleanly and quickly.

ENVS 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Passive Solar Building Design, Photovoltaics, Kilowatt Hour

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