BIO 122 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Post-Translational Modification, Central Dogma Of Molecular Biology, Alternative Splicing

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Prior to Week 9 Class 1 Chapter 19
Know
What gene expression means
o What genes are transcribed and translated to be expressed in the cell
That bacteria and eukaryotes can control gene expression through transcriptional, translational, and post-
translational ways
That eukaryotes can also more tightly regulate transcription, post-transcription, translation, and post-
translation
What basal transcription factors are
o They bind to DNA to begin transcription
o What TATA-box binding protein (TBP) is
Binds to tata box and allows rna pol to bind to dna
o That they bind at the transcriptional start site
What regulatory sequences are
o Allow regulatory proteins to bind and change gene transcription
o What promoter-proximal means/refers to
Upstream of promoter and transcriptional site
o What enhancer/silencer regions of DNA are and that they regulate gene expression by controlling
efficiency or speed of transcription
Enhancer
Encourages transcription
Bound by activators
Silencer
Discourages transcription
Bound by repressors
What a nucleosome is and that it is made of histones
o Nucleosome
Dna histone complex
What the 30nm chromatin fiber refers to
o nucleosome
What terms chromatin, euchromatin, heterochromatin refer to and what that means for access for
transcription
o Chromatin
Dna histone
o Euchromatin
Decondensed
Easy transcription
o Heterochromatin
Condensed
Difficult transcription
What histone acetyl transferases (HATs) do
o Add (-) acetyl groups to histones
Neutralizes histone’s positive charges
Makes dna-histone interaction more difficult
Causes decondensation
Eases transcription
What histone deacetyl-transferases (HDACs) do
o Remove (-) acetyl group to histones
Makes histone charge more positive
Makes dna-histone interaction easier
Causes condensation
Makes transcription harder
What RNA interference is and what miRNAs are
o causes silencing of gene by
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