BIO 203 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Proximal Tubule, Reabsorption, Sympathetic Nervous System

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jadebuffalo311

10 Aug 2016

School

Drexel University

Department

Bioscience & Biotechnology

Course

BIO 203

Professor

rutterjohn

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Document Summary

Bmc; pressure gradient is due to presence of proteins in plasma: bmc is an enclosed space and the presence of fluid in the capsule creates fluid pressure that opposes fluid movement into the capsule. Fluid filtering out of capillaries must displace fluid already in the capsule lumen. The net driving force is 10 mmhg in the direction favoring filtration. Vol. of fluid that filters into bmc per unit time is glomerular filtration rate (gfr) Rate means that the kidneys filter the plasma volume. Gfr is influenced by two factors: net filtration pressure. Determined primarily by renal blood flow and blood pressure: filtration coefficient. Surface area of glomerular capillaries available for filtration. Glomerular filtration is similar to gas exchange at the alveoli, where the rate of gas exchange depends on partial pressure differences, sa of alveoli, and permeability of alveolar-capillary diffusion barrier. Blood pressure provides the hydrostatic pressure that drives glomerular filtration.

Related Questions

1. Which of the following vessels, if stimulated to vasoconstrict, would cause increased filtration in the glomerular capillaries?

(a) Afferent arterioleâ(c) Efferent arteriole

(b) Vasa rectaâ(d) Peritubular capillaries

2. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes the flow of filtrate through the renal tubule?

(a) Glomerulus Ã Distal convoluted tubule Ã Ascending limb of nephron loop Ã Descending limb of nephron loop Ã Proximal convoluted tubule Ã Collecting duct

(b) Glomerulus Ã Proximal convoluted tubule Ã Descending limb of nephron loop Ã Ascending limb of nephron loop Ã Distal convoluted tubule Ã Collecting duct

(c) Glomerulus Ã Proximal convoluted tubule Ã Ascending limb of nephron loop Ã Descending limb of nephron loop Ã Distal convoluted tubule Ã Collecting duct

(d) Glomerulus Ã Distal convoluted tubule Ã Descending limb of nephron loop Ã Ascending limb of nephron loop Ã Proximal convoluted tubule Ã Collecting duct

3. Tubular ______________ occurs when certain substances (i.e. ions, drugs) are removed from the bloodstream and placed back into the renal tubule.

(a) Eliminationâ(c) Secretion

(b) Reabsorptionâ(d) Filtration

4. Which of the following is TRUE about the reabsorption process in the proximal convoluted tubule?

(a) Na + ions are actively transported out of the tubule and into the peritubular capillaries

(b) Negatively charged ions (e.g. chloride) are transported out of the tubule in response to the movement of sodium

(d) All of the above

5. Which of the following statements is FALSE about the glomerulus and the processes that occur there?

(a) Capsular hydrostatic pressure refers to the pressure of fluid pressing on the capsule and opposes filtration

(b) Net filtration pressure in the glomerulus is the difference between forces favoring filtration and forces opposing filtration

(d) Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole lowers glomerular filtration rate

6. The descending limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to water while the ascending limb of the nephron is permeable to water.

(a) Trueâ(b) False

7. Which of the following vessels takes blood out of the renal corpuscle and returns it to the bloodstream?

(a) Peritubular capillary systemâ(c) Vasa recta

(b) Efferent arterioleâ(d) Afferent arteriole

8. Under the influence of ADH, the ___________________ and the _________________ become permeable to water and water is reabsorbed.

(a) Proximal convoluted tubule, Nephron loop

(b) Distal convoluted tubule, Nephron loop

(d) Distal convoluted tubule, Collecting duct

9. What is the name of the region inside the bladder bounded by the two uretal openings and the urethra?

(a) Trigoneâ(c) Mucous layer

(b) Detrusor muscleâ(d) Transitional epithelium

10. During the accumulation of urine, the bladder distends, allowing stretch receptors in the transitional epithelium to be stimulated.

(a) Trueâ(b) False

lemongoat70

True of False: Freshwater environments have a higher concentration of oxygen than saltwater environments.

QUESTION 2 If the difference in partial pressure of gas on either side of the barrier to diffusion is 0, which of these events will occur?

The area for gas exchange will increase to accommodate this similarity.

The constant for diffusion will decrease.

The rate of diffusion will be 0.

The distance thickness of the barrier to diffusion will also be 0.

QUESTION 3 On the x-axis of the oxygenâhemoglobin equilibrium curve is the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues. Which type of blood is most likely to be represented by the right-hand side of the axis? (Hint: the oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve is figure 45.14 in your book on pg 913)

blood found in the left ventricle

blood found in the right atrium

blood found in the superior vena cava

blood found in the inferior vena cava

QUESTION 4 Which of these is an example of pulmonary circulation?

Blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta.

Blood is pumped from the aorta to the cardiac vein.

Blood is pumped from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium.

QUESTION 5 O2 will diffuse from blood to tissue faster in response to which of the following conditions?

an increase in the PO2 of the tissue

a decrease in the PO2 of the tissue

an increase in the thickness of the capillary wall

a decrease in the surface area of the capillary

QUESTION 6 Which of the following promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin?

a decrease in temperature

a decrease in carbon dioxide levels

a decrease in pH

a decrease in carbonic anhydrase

QUESTION 7 How does the medulla oblongata sense the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood?

A. Carbonic anhydrase produced by cells performing cellular respiration is exported and travels though the blood, and binds to a receptor on the medullary respiratory center, which causes a signal amplification resulting in a change in gene expression which results in the production of proteins that will cause the diaphragm to contract

B. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which increases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

C. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which decreases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

D. A and B

E. A and C

QUESTION 8 Which of the following parts of the lung are considered "dead space"? A. The alveoli B. The trachea C. The bronchi D. B and C E. All of the above

QUESTION 9 Which of the following blood vessels have the thinnest walls?

arteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

QUESTION 10 How does the interstitial fluid return to the bloodstream?

A. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the osmotic pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the blood pressure driving fluid out of the blood

B. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the blood pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the osmotic pressure driving fluid out of the blood

C. Interstitial fluid leaves the tissue via lymphatic ducts and travels through the lymphatic system, which returns the fluid to the veins. D. A and C

E. B and C

QUESTION 11 True or False: When an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) shows a flat line (aka asystole), medical personnel will restart the heart using a defibrillator.

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3. Ms. X is a 35 year old school teacher who suffers from acid indigestion and self-medicates by drinking baking soda dissolved in water.

Which acid-base disorder would you expect to develop in this client?

A. Respiratory Acidosis

B. Respiratory Alkalosis

C. Metabolic Alkalosis

D. Metabolic Acidosis

4. Ms. X is a 35 year old school teacher who suffers from acid indigestion and self-medicates by drinking baking soda dissolved in water.

What effect does metabolic acidosis have on respiratory rate?

	a.	decrease
	b.	increase
	c.	both increase and decrease
	d.	none of the above

5. When comparing systemic capillaries to pulmonary capillaries, which of the following statements is true?

	a.	The hydrostatic pressure at the arteriolar end of the systemic capillary is higher that the hydrostatic pressure at the arteriolar end of the pulmonary capillaries.
	b.	The hydrostatic pressure at the VENULAR end of the systemic capillary is LOWER than the hydrostatic pressure at the VENULAR end of the pulmonary capillaries.
	c.	The OSMOTIC pressure at the VENULAR end of the systemic capillary is LOWER than the osmotic pressure at the VENULAR end of the pulmonary capillaries.
	d.	None of the above

6. The osmotic pressure within a capillary is an absorptive force. The osmotic pressure develops as a result of which of the following?

	a.	carbohydrates
	b.	lipids
	c.	proteins
	d.	nucleic acids

7. Which of the following organs synthesizes albumin?

	a.	kidney
	b.	liver
	c.	spleen
	d.	heart

8. Ascites is due to which of the following?

	a.	liver dysfunction
	b.	reduced plasma albumin levels
	c.	excessive loss of fluid from to capillary into the interstitial space
	d.	all of the above

9. Which of the following diseases is associated with ascites?

	a.	alcoholism
	b.	MALNUTRITION
	c.	both a and b
	d.	none of the above

10. Which of the following tteatments isused to resolve ascites caused by alcoholic liver dicrease

	A.	paracentesis
	B.	liver transplant
	C.	CESSATION OF ALCOHO; COMSUMPTION
	D.	all of the above

QUESTION 11:

At pH 7.4, some of the H₂CO₃ produced from a reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase immediately dissociates into

A. H⁺, CO₂

B. H⁺, HCO₃^-

C. OH^-, CO₂

D. OH^-, HCO₃^-

	a.	.
	b.	.
	c.	.
	d.	.

12. The pH of the patientâs blood is 7.7. The patient is alkalotic and her ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid is

A. 10 to 1

B. 20 to 1

C. 30 to 1

D. 40 to 1

E. 50 to 1

13. THE NORMAL VALUE FOR THE BICARBONATE ION IS WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?

	a.	240 mEq/l
	b.	24 mEq/L
	c.	40 mEq/L
	d.	none of the above

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BIO 203 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Proximal Tubule, Reabsorption, Sympathetic Nervous System

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