PBHL 301 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Randomized Controlled Trial, Cohort Study, Relative Risk

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graygnat111

7 Jun 2017

School

Drexel University

Department

Public Health

Course

PBHL 301

Professor

Jennifer Breaux- Kutcher

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A randomized control trial is the gold standard of any trial. In cohort study, you are picking people based on exposure. You are starting with a population that does not have the disease. You then have an exposed group and an unexposed group. After following them over time you see who has developed the disease. Based off of this you use incidence and relative risk, you started with disease free people. From you sample, in a cohort study you have a group that is exposed and one that is unexposed. E = exposed, e with a line over = not exposed. Think of two by two table, to determine the relative risk. Potential sources of data in a cohort study. Interviews, questionnaires, biological specimens, imaging studies, medical records. Data collected specifically for a cohort study will be of higher quality than that obtained from pre- existing records, but it is more expensive.

Related Questions

To complete the scenario section of the final, choose a scenario and paste it where indicated below. You may delete the other scenarios from the body of the exam. Answer the questions regarding the study you designed, giving the answers following each of the questions. If one of the questions isnât applicable to your study, respond N/A after the question. Any additional information about the study youâve designed can be added at the end of the required questions and will likely generate some extra points.

Design an epidemiological study for only ONE of the 6 scenarios below and provide at minimum the following information about your study:

Paste your scenario here

â¢ Study type (observational or experimental)

â¢ Study design (randomized trial, cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional)

â¢ Study hypothesis

â¢ Define your target population

â¢ Describe how you will recruit or identify study participants to best represent the target population

â¢ Describe the risks and benefits of participating in the study

â¢ Provide a case definition (e.g. in a cohort study, how will you diagnose those who become ill, in a case-control or cross-sectional study, what characteristics does the participant need to have to be considered a case)

â¢ Describe exposures or risk factors and how you will measure them

â¢ Describe exclusion criteria (e.g. in a prospective cohort study, a person who tests positive for illness at or near baseline must be excluded)

â¢ Describe how you will collect data for your study (survey, medical records, laboratory tests, etc.)

â¢ Divide subjects as appropriate for your study design (i.e. exposed/unexposed, case/control)

â¢ Describe outcome measure for study, how itâs calculated, and how itâs to be interpreted (you donât need to actually do calculations, but provide the equations and give an example of how theyâre interpreted): For example: RR=a/(a+b) interpreted as the risk of lung cancer in smokers is X times greater (or less) than it is in non-smokers

â¢ Give justification for your study design (tell why you chose that particular study design, why it is appropriate, and what you hoped to learn from doing the study)

â¢ Brief discussion of study strengths and weaknesses including a discussion of causal hypotheses and biases as they relate to your study design

Scenario 1: A new vaccine (NoBola) has been developed to prevent Ebola. Design a study that will indicate whether or not NoBola is associated with a reduction in Ebola cases in parts of the world where Ebola is endemic.

Design an epidemiological study for only ONE of the 6 scenarios below and provide at minimum the following information about your study:

Please answer the above questions

1â¢ Describe how you will recruit or identify study participants to best represent the target population

2â¢ Describe the risks and benefits of participating in the study

3â¢ Provide a case definition (e.g. in a cohort study, how will you diagnose those who become ill, in a case-control or cross-sectional study, what characteristics does the participant need to have to be considered a case)

4â¢ Describe exposures or risk factors and how you will measure them

5â¢ Describe exclusion criteria (e.g. in a prospective cohort study, a person who tests positive for illness at or near baseline must be excluded)

6â¢ Describe how you will collect data for your study (survey, medical records, laboratory tests, etc.)

7â¢ Divide subjects as appropriate for your study design (i.e. exposed/unexposed, case/control)

8â¢ Describe outcome measure for study, how itâs calculated, and how itâs to be interpreted (you donât need to actually do calculations, but provide the equations and give an example of how theyâre interpreted): For example: RR=a/(a+b) interpreted as the risk of lung cancer in smokers is X times greater (or less) than it is in non-smokers

9â¢ Give justification for your study design (tell why you chose that particular study design, why it is appropriate, and what you hoped to learn from doing the study)

10â¢ Brief discussion of study strengths and weaknesses including a discussion of causal hypotheses and biases as they relate to your study design

Many scientific studies of dietary health effects are observational. Compared to experimental studies, observational studies can extend over a longer time period, use a more representative population, and measure disease outcomes in addition to risk factors for disease. In an observational study, researchers enlist a study group, and use questionnaires and medical tests to quantify participants' health behaviors and status at the start of the study. The researchers continue to collect data on the participants over many years. Information about each particpant's diet, lifestyle habits, risk factors, and disease outcomes are all recorded and analyzed. A landmark study of this type -- called the Nurses' Health Study -- was begun in 1976 with more than 120,000 female nurses. Data from a subset of this group (80,082 women) was used to study dietary fat intake from 1980 to 1994. One goal of that study was to measure the effect of dietary trans fats on cardiovascular health. Do you understand how the Nurses Health observational study of dietary fats was set up and carried out? Sort the statements into the appropriate bins depending on whether they represent factors that varied from participant to participant at the start of this study, factors that were consistent from the start of the study, and factors that were measured in the study.

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PBHL 301 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Randomized Controlled Trial, Cohort Study, Relative Risk

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