BIOLOGY 154 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Drug Injection, Condom, Shingles
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15 Sep 2016
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1 First Lecture
Definitions
●Opportunistic infections
○infections that occur more frequently and are more severe in individuals with weakened
immune systems
■People with HIV obtain opportunistic infections
■Pneumocystic Carinii Pneumonia (PCP)
●present in all healthy people
●many pathogens only make you ill when you are stressed, tired,
malnourished, fighting other diseases
■Shingles
■Candida
■TB
■Pneumonia
●Prevalence vs. Incidence
●Prevalence: percentage of population with the disease
○indicates how widespread the disease is
○how many people have it at a given time
●Incidence: the number of people newly infected
○incidence is going up and then as people become more educated about it and
start treating people, it goes down
○HIV incidence plateaued in the US
High Risk Behaviors Today
●unprotected sex
○anal sex
●any transfer of fluids
●needle sharing (drugs)
Reasons for Differences Among Populations
1. Geography
a. less AIDS related deaths but higher infection rates in developed countries
b. more AIDS related deaths but
2. Culture
a. cultural norms
b. contraception seen as taboo
c. male dominated societies
3. Gender
Social impact of millions of orphans
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HIV Risk and Death from AIDS
AIDS
●Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
●acquired, not inherited
○based on exposure to pathogen
●immunodeficiency
○all symptoms pointed to absence of functional immune system
●syndrome
○suite of symptoms or diseases
○usually only seen in people with compromised immune systems
■“opportunistic infections”
●Definition of AIDS
○Low T helper cell count (< 200/ml)
■normally 1000
○now considered to have AIDS even if no other symptoms
HIV
●Human Immunodeficiency Virus
○Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
○Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
○Carpine Immunodeficiency Virus
●HIV + means virus is in body
○may be perfectly healthy (doesn’t mean you are sick) but you are still infectious
How Poverty and Illness Interrelate
●HIV virus does not kill
○allows opportunistic diseases (and cancers) to kill
●common illnesses, normally controlled by immune system, can cause death without a
functioning immune system
●poor people are not prepared
Relationship Between HIV and TB Incidence
●TB is a disease of poverty
How Direct and Indirect Tests for HIV Differ
Direct Test
●Isolate virus from their body
○technically very difficult
○often very little virus in blood
●requires blood
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