BIOL 1051 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Telophase, Benign Tumor, Nuclear Membrane

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25 Aug 2016

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Antibiotic drugs work against bacterial infections but do not work against viruses; Ebola, h7n9 (bird flu), sars, etc. are/were all dangerous viruses. Retroviruses are rna viruses; they do not have viral dna; they use viral rna to make viral. Dna in process of reverse transcription; then viral dna can insert itself into host"s dna to go through transcription and translation to make copies of the virus; reverse transcriptase will turn any viral retro rna into dna; Translation makes new proteins (viral and host: new virus particles are assembled and leave host cell (homework: put these into the correct order) Hiv infects and kills cells used in immune system. Blackboard homework: due tuesday oct. 6th; complete the hiv assignment using the accompanying hiv facts sheet. Cell division and cancer: normal cell division, background, copying dna, abnormal cell division: cancer, what causes cancer, cancer treatments.

Related Questions

Question 1 10 pts

What three kinds of cells are infected by HIV?

macrophages, T-Helper cells and dendritic cells

B-cells, skin cells and T-helper cells

B-cells, T-Helper cells and T-killer cells

macrophages, dendritic cells and cytotoxic T-cells

Question 2 10 pts

Sometimes an HIV infected cell is not killed immediately after infection, but lives on, and continues to be a source of the infection for the lifetime of the patient. What is the mechanism that allows the HIV virus to remain in the cell, to get passed down to all descendants of that cell, and to retain the ability to be reactivated for the lifetime of the patient?

Question 3 10 pts

List the three processes that viruses are dependent on their host cells for.

Question 4 10 pts

What does the ELISA test for HIV infection measure?

HIV-specific antibodies

Hepatitis B-specific antibodies

circulating HIV particles

HIV-specific DNA

Question 5 10 pts

What is the cell surface receptor for HIV?

CD4

CD8

MHCII

HIV

Question 6 10 pts

What is the likely origin of HIV-1?

infection of humans by a simian virus native to the chimpanzee

germ warfare research by the CIA

sexually transmitted to humans through relations with sheep

a new human-chimpanzee hybrid virus accidentally made in a laboratory with recombinant DNA

Question 7 10 pts

How does AZT block the production of infectious virus?

It acts as a substitute for a DNA nucleotide that can only be inserted by the viral reverse transcriptase. The presence of the AZT in the DNA aborts the production of new viral DNA.

It directly blocks the reverse transcriptase.

It blocks the protease that cuts apart the three viral proteins, which is a necessary step during viral synthesis.

It blocks the adsorption of the virus to the CXCR4 and CCR5 receptors on the T-cell surface.

Question 8 10 pts

How do protease inhibitors work?

It blocks the protease that cuts apart the three viral proteins, which is a necessary step during viral synthesis.

It directly blocks the reverse transcriptase.

It acts as a substitute for a DNA nucleotide that can only be inserted by the viral reverse transcriptase. The presence of the AZT in the DNA aborts the production of new viral DNA.

It blocks the adsorption of the virus to the CXCR4 and CCR5 receptors on the T-cell surface.

Question 9 10 pts

What are the 2 most common causes of a false negative result in the HIV test?

Questions 10-13

The next set of 4 questions deal with the possible ways that a virus, not necessarily the HIV, can enter the body. Answer TRUE or FALSE to each question.

Question 10 2.5 pts

Some viruses can enter the body through breaks in the skin.

True

False

Question 11 2.5 pts

Some viruses can enter the body through the anal/genital tract.

True

False

Question 12 2.5 pts

Some viruses can enter the body through the oral cavity and the digestive tract.

True

False

Question 13 2.5 pts

Some viruses can enter the body through inhalation via the respiratory tract.

True

False

1
Which of the following is a component of the HIV virus ?
A
DNA
B
Capsid
C
Nucleus
D
CD4 receptor
Answered
Change your responses to resubmit
2
Assigned as
Homework
2
What is the function of Reverse Transcriptase?
A
To insert the viral RNA into the host DNA.
B
To make an RNA copy of the viral RNA.
C
To make an RNA copy of the viral DNA.
D
To make a DNA copy of the viral RNA.
E
To insert the viral DNA into the host DNA.
Unanswered
Submit
3
Assigned as
Homework
3
Which of the following stages describes a HIV patient in who has a large number of severe opportunistic infections?
A
Primary HIV infection-lasts for a few weeks
B
Clinically asymptomatic stage-lasts for an average of ten years
C
Symptomatic HIV infection
D
Clinical AIDS
Unanswered
Submit
4
Assigned as
Homework
4
Which of the following individuals should be tested for HIV?
A
A newborn child
B
Alex, who studies excessively
C
Sarah, who takes birth control
D
Joe, who uses intravenous steroids
Unanswered
Submit
5
Assigned as
Homework
5
Harry engaged in risky activity that may have lead to exposure to HIV. Two and a half weeks later, he had an HIV test done and it showed a positive result. Which test most likely was done?
A
CD4 test
B
HIV antibody test
C
PCR test
D
Viral load test
Unanswered
Submit
6
Assigned as
Homework
6
How does an Integrase inhibitor work against the HIV virus?
A
It inhibits the generation of viral DNA from viral RNA.
B
It prevents the entry of HIV into the host cell.
C
It inhibits viral proteins from being inserted into new virus particles.
D
It prevents viral DNA from being inserted into host DNA.
E
It prevents the generation of new viral proteins.
Unanswered
Submit
7
Assigned as
Homework
7
How does a Protease inhibitor work to treat HIV infection?
A
It prevents the release of new viral particles.
B
It cleaves viral proteins interfering with their function.
C
It prevents the cleavage of host DNA preventing viral DNA from being inserted into host DNA.
D
It cleaves Reverse transcriptase preventing the generation of viral DNA.
E
It prevents the binding of gp120 to the CD4 protein.
Unanswered
Submit
8
Assigned as
Homework
8
Which of the following describes a combination therapy for HIV infected persons?
A
A preparation used for stimulating a viral response in the body.
B
A single drug given to HIV infected people since interactions with other medications may promote complications in treatment.
C
A drug cocktail-or-combination of antiviral drugs given to HIV infected people since they can be more effective than when given individually
D
A preparation used for stimulating an immune response in the body.
Unanswered
Submit
9
Assigned as
Homework
9
answerable question reference
For HIV to reproduce, which of the following is most critical?
A
Infecting new subjects
B
Producing a Provirus
C
Entering the host cells
D
Taking over the function of DNA in the cell
Unanswered
Submit
10
Assigned as
Homework
10
HIV is a virus which has the following characteristic?
A
It takes of the RNA of the host cell which subsequently by way of transcription and translation makes new virus
B
It attacks the RNA of the host cell causing cellular death
C
It attacks the DNA of the host cell causing cellular death
D
It takes over the DNA of the host cell which subsequently by way of transcription and translation makes new virus

1. A mutation in the gene encoding the integrase enzyme rendersthe protein non-functional. How would the affect the HIV infectioncycle?

Formation of the provirus would bestopped.

Reverse transcription would nolonger be possible.

The gp120 glycoprotein would nolonger be able to bind to the CCR5 receptor.

Cutting and assembling the capsid would be halted.

2. If the viral gene is AUGCCCAGG and the mRNA used to make theviral protein is UACGGGUCC, then the virus is a :

Negative strand RNA virus

Double stranded DNA virus

Retrovirus

Positive strand RNA virus

3. Would treating prions with enzymes that digest nucleotides bean effective neutralization method?

No, prions lack amino acids.

Yes, prion nucleic acids would besusceptible to enzymatic digestion.

No, prions lack phosphodiesterbonds and would not be subject to digestion by these types ofenzymes.

Yes, the bonds between the amino acids would be hydrolyzed.

4. Most Americans born before 1970 have a permanent scar ontheir shoulders from the smallpox vaccine. Why don't youngerAmericans have one?

Smallpox has been eradicated by aworldwide vaccination program.

Smallpox is no longer lethal.

A safer less damaging vaccine wasdeveloped in the early 1970's.

The vaccine is no longer effective due to antigenic shift.

5. What kind of pathogen would retain its ability to causeinfections after being treated with powerful proteolytic chemicalsthat would destroy all proteinaceous material?

A viroid

6. Select all of the false statements concerning AIDS.

AIDS kills the patient.

Patients die as a result ofopportunistic infections.

AIDS shuts down the immunesystem.

HIV therapy (HAART) can clear thevirus from the bloodstream.

HIV therapy (HAART) can clear the virus from the patient'sbody.

7. Why do viruses only infect specific types of cells?

Viruses only attack epithelialcells, such as the cells lining the lungs.

If a host cell is weakened, viruseshave an easier time infecting it.

The initial choice is random butonce a cell type is chosen it becomes the preferred host.

The host cells have the correctsurface receptor that the virus can fit into.

Viruses infect the first cells they encounter.

8. Nucleotide analogs are a class of drugs that are highlyeffective against many types of viruses. They work by halting thereplication of viral genes. They are equally effective at stoppingthe spread of prion diseases.

True

False

9. An experimental chemical has been shown to selectively cleavephosphodiester bonds. How would the affect a virus?

Dissociate the envelope

Fragment the genome

Hydrolyze the protein coating

Alter the host binding site

Digest the capsid

10. HIV uses cell surface receptors to enter host cells. Whydoes switching from a CCR5 co-receptor to a CXCR4 co-receptoreventually shut down the immune system?

	Macrophages have CCR5co-receptors.
	T-helper cells have CXCR4co-receptors.
	T-helper cells are not involved incoordinating immune responses.
	Only macrophages are killed byHIV.

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BIOL 1051 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Telophase, Benign Tumor, Nuclear Membrane

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