PSY 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Long-Term Memory, Episodic Memory, Frontal Lobe
Secondary Memory
not consciously aware of long term memories unless try to be, long term
Chunking
taking info that belongs together and grouping it so that is it easier to remember
Sensory Memory
short duration store for sensory info
Echoic: auditory, 3-4 seconds
Iconic: visual, 1/10 second
Haptic: smell, 2 seconds
Implicit Memory
unaware of it, ex: how to tie a shoe
Explicit Memory
aware of it
Semantic Memory
dates of events, details
Episodic Memory
pertaining to events in your own life
Short Term Memory
in hippocampus, info gets lost or stored in cortex, use rehearsal or memory strategies to move to long
term memory
Long Term Memory
stored in cortex, if need to remember something then hippocampus retrieves info to bring to
consciousness
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Ebbinghaus (1885)
used himself as a subject, memorized nonsense syllables because if use real words it contaminates your
memory, went back and relearned lists, looked for methods of saving.
Learning curve: takes time to get it at first, then each subsequent time gets better until a point when
start forgetting
Retention Curve: over time you stop forgetting
George Miller (1950s)
pioneer of cognitive revolution, thought that human mind was interesting
Magical #7: plus or minus two, number of terms a person can hold in short term memory
took people and gave them lists of varying lengths and most people could remember 7 at a time
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
Standard model of memory:
Brown (1958) Peterson (1959)
wanted to find out how long info could staying their memory without rehearsal
subjects have to remember three letters and then count backwards by three
info in short term memory decays over time, duration of short term memory is 18 seconds, didn't take
into account that counting is interference
Proactive Interference
Each additional time you do something, performance declines because info tried to remember on first
trial is interfering with new info/ old info interferes with making of new memories (new vs old bf)
Retroactive Interference
New info interferes with memory of old info (new locker combo)
Wickens (1972)
performance with each trial declines
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given fruits to remember for three trials, fourth trial given new list, when change category performance
goes up
Decay Vs Interference Theory
Waugh and Norman (1965): think the reason for bad memory is interference not time
subjects given a list of digits to remember, have a probe and asked what digit came after the probe
digits were presented either slow or fast
Sternberg (1966, 2004)
Thinks that the way we scan our memory is different for short and long term: short term scans
everything in memory without stopping even if found what looking for, unlike long
Parallel search: scan all items in short term memory at once
Serial Self-terminating search: if find answer, stop scanning
Serial Exhaustive Search: scan everything, one thing at a time, whether something is found or not
Baddeley Model (1974, 1986)
focuses on functionality of working memory
replaces atkinson and shiffrin concept
focuses on function: hold and manipulate info
working memory not just short term: also place where you manipulate info, has different parts
reading comprehension: use working memory to read what currently looking at and remember what
you read before
Central Executive
attentional control: focus attention, select strategies, coordinate behavior, information long term
memory, inhibits so tells you what to pay attention to and what not to pay attention to
drives the whole system
control and regulation of attention, inhibition
allocates to the subsystems
located in frontal lobe, executive functioning
Phonological Loop
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Document Summary
Secondary memory not consciously aware of long term memories unless try to be, long term. Chunking taking info that belongs together and grouping it so that is it easier to remember. Sensory memory short duration store for sensory info. Implicit memory unaware of it, ex: how to tie a shoe. Episodic memory pertaining to events in your own life. Short term memory in hippocampus, info gets lost or stored in cortex, use rehearsal or memory strategies to move to long term memory. Long term memory stored in cortex, if need to remember something then hippocampus retrieves info to bring to consciousness. Ebbinghaus (1885) used himself as a subject, memorized nonsense syllables because if use real words it contaminates your memory, went back and relearned lists, looked for methods of saving. Learning curve: takes time to get it at first, then each subsequent time gets better until a point when start forgetting.
