WOH 2001 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Scientific Racism

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18 Dec 2016
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How did colonial conquest vary?
o Colonial Conquest in India and Indonesia
Grew out of earlier interaction with European trading firms
India: The British East India Company, rather than the British
government directly, played the leading role in the colonial
takeover of South Asia
Similar process took place in the Dutch acquisition of
Indonesia
Neither the British nor the Dutch had a clear-cut plan for
conquest
o Colonial conquest in most of Africa, mainland Southeast Asia, and the
Pacific Islands
Colonial conquest came later (2nd half of the 19th century)
More abruptly and deliberately than in India or Indonesia
The scramble for Africa pitted half a dozen European powers
against one another as they partitioned the entire continent
among themselves in about 25 years (1875-1900)
Acquired huge territories of which they knew very little
Village by village conquest
Australia and New Zealand: Conquest was accompanied by
massive European settlement and disease (similar to North
America)
What happened to the Phillippines?
o Acquired new colonial rulers when the United States took over from
Spain following the Spanish-American War of 1898
Why might subject people choose to cooperate with colonial regime?
o Many men found employment, status, and security in European-led
forces
o European administrators often depended upon local intermediaries
for communicating across cultural boundaries
o Some could retain wealth by cooperating with the colonial power
o Example: French West Africa which had 385 French administrators
and more than 50,000 African chiefs
What triggered the Indian rebellion? Causes?
o Triggered by the introduction into the colony’s military forces of a
new cartridge smeared with animal fat from cows and pigs
o Local rulers had lost power
o Landlords were deprived of their estates or rent
o Peasants were overtaxed
o Unemployed weavers were displaced by machine-manufactured
textiles made in Britain
o Religious leaders were exposed to missionary preaching
What were the consequences of the Indian rebellion?
o Greatly widened the racial divide in colonial India
o Eroded British tolerance for natives that they thought were on their
side
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