PSYC 1102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Belmont Report, Human Services
Experiments & Research Ethics
How do determine cause and effect?
- Experiments:
o 1 or more MANIPULATED variables
o Other CONTROLLED variables
o Randomly selected and assigned groups:
▪ Control—receives placebo
▪ Experimental—receives treatment
Test cause-effect relationships!
Design;
➢ Most difficult of search to be conducted—many steps to be done CORRECTLY for it to
be valid and trustworthy.
➢ Element of study that defines difference between experimental and control is the
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE!
▪ Variable (element of situation) explicitly controls and intentionally
changes to see the difference in outcome.
▪ Operational Definition is the description of how we MEASURE
variables—being able to put some numbers and statistics to.
➢ Dependent variable is the variable that should CHANGE as an effect of the independent
variable.
~Behaviors should differ between experimental group than the control group!!!
Participants=Infer from subject group.
- Random sampling gives an IDEAL, equal chance of selection in a population.
- Convenience sampling is what’s near you and EASILY ACCESSIBLE.
Assignment=
- Random assignment gives an equal chance of being assigned!
o We can be fairly confident that each group represents the population as the
difference between people will even out.
In 1979, The Belmont report established ethical principals and guidelines for the protection of
human services and subjects of research was published.
Key Principals—
i. Respect; Informed consent and protect!
ii. Beneficence; NO harm and maximize benefits.
iii. Justice; Consider population being tested.
Deception: Doesn’t tell participants the purpose of the experiment.
Debriefing: At the end of the experiment, where deception is used, researchers clearly state what
the study was about, and the participants give consent if the data can be used.
INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD
- Every study must be approved by IRB.
- Evaluates each study for ethical practice.
Parts of the BRAIN
There are many ways to investigate the brain:
o MRI [Magnetic resonance imaging] =Magnetic fields that give a 3-D print of the
brain—Structure!
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