PSYC 1102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Little Albert Experiment, Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning
Learning;
- Change in behavior due to change in experience—adaptation.
Classical conditioning:
Operant conditioning:
Neutral stimulus evokes a response after
being paired with a stimulus that naturally
evokes a response.
• Reinforcement increases the
probability that a response will occur.
• Punishment decreases the probability
that a response will occur.
• Positive means a stimulus is ADDED
to the situation.
• Negative means a stimulus is
REMOVED to the situation.
• Uncontrolled stimulus (US)—
Naturally evokes a response.
• Unconditioned response (UR)—
Unlearned response that
reliably/naturally occurs in presence
of an unconditioned stimulus.
• Conditioned stimulus (CS)—Neutral
stimulus that gains the ability to evoke
a response.
• Conditioned response (CR)—Learned
response due to repeated pairings.
-Positive reinforcement=something added to
make behavior more likely to occur.
-Positive punishment=add something BAD to
decrease probability of a behavior.
-Negative reinforcement=something removed
to make a behavior more likely to occur.
-Negative punishment=remove something
GOOD to decrease probability of a behavior.
EX) Pavlov
Primary
reinforcement:
Innately reinforce
behavior without
prior learning.
Ex—Food, water,
sex, etc.
Secondary
reinforcement:
Neutral stimulus
becomes reinforced
by being paired
primary
reinforcement.
Ex—Money
Phobias and “Little Albert”
- Persistent and irrational fear of common objects.
- [4-5% of U.S. population]
Where do they come from?
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING!
• Stimulus generalization: “CR” is observed even though the “CS” is slightly different
from the one used during acquisition.
• Stimulus discrimination: Occurs when an organism hat has learned a response to a
specific stimulus does not respond to others.
Ridding of a phobia:
- Same classical conditioning process.
- “Extinction” is presenting the “CS” with out the “US” will result in a decrease in the
“CR” and it eventually stops.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Change in behavior due to change in experience adaptation. Neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response: uncontrolled stimulus (us) . Naturally evokes a response: unconditioned response (ur) . Unlearned response that reliably/naturally occurs in presence of an unconditioned stimulus: conditioned stimulus (cs) neutral stimulus that gains the ability to evoke a response, conditioned response (cr) learned response due to repeated pairings. Operant conditioning: reinforcement increases the probability that a response will occur, punishment decreases the probability that a response will occur, positive means a stimulus is added to the situation, negative means a stimulus is. Positive reinforcement=something added to make behavior more likely to occur. Positive punishment=add something bad to decrease probability of a behavior. Negative reinforcement=something removed to make a behavior more likely to occur. Neutral stimulus becomes reinforced by being paired primary reinforcement. Persistent and irrational fear of common objects.
