CHEM 1211K Lecture 2: chemistry notes chapter one

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10 Mar 2017

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States of matter: liquid: shape of container, free surface, fixed volume, gas: shape of container,volume of container. Changes in matter: changes that alter the state or appearance of the matter without altering the solid: holds shape, fixed volume composition are called physical changes. Changes that alter the composition of the matter are called chemical changes. During the chemical change, the atoms that are present rearrange into new molecules, but all of the original atoms are still present. Processes that cause changes in the matter that do not change its composition. Processes that cause changes in the matter that change its composition. Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter. Physical properties are used to observe and describe matter. Physical properties include: appearance, texture, color, odor, melting point, boiling point, density, solubility, polarity, and many others. Chemical properties of matter describes its potential to undergo some chemical change or reaction by virtue of its composition.

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Chemical Reactions and Equations Learning objectives To observe physical and chemical properties associated with chemical changes To be able to give evidence for the occurrence of a chemical reaction To write a balanced chemical equation To identify areaction as a combination, decomposition, precipitation, single or double replacement, or combustion reaction ntroduction When a substance undergoes a physical change, it changes its appearance but not its composition. For example, when ice melts to form water, it undergoes a physical change from solid to liquid. In a chemical change, the composition of a substance is changed to give a new substance with different physical and chemical properties. For example, when silver tarnishes, the shiny silver (Ag) changes to a dull gray silver sulfide (AgaS). Not only has the chemical formula changed from Ag to Agus, but also the physical properties (shininess) of the substance have changed. Some examples of physical and chemical changes are listed in Table 1 below. Table 1. Comparison of Physical and Chemical Changes Examples of Physical changes Examples and Evidence of Chemical Changes Change in state (melting, freezing, evaporating Formation of a gas (bubbles) subliming) Formation of a solid (precipitate) Change in size Tearing Change in Color Heat is given off or absorbed A solid dissolving in a solvent In a chemical reaction, atoms in the reactants are rearranged to produce new combinations of atoms in the products. However, the total number of atoms of each element in the reactants is equal to the total number of atoms in the products. This is true according to the Law of Conservation of Mass, which states that the total mass remains constant during a chemical reaction. In other words, matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. In a chemical equation, the reactants are shown on the left and the products are on the right. An arrow in between indicates that a chemical reaction occurs. Finally, the physical state of each compound is designated in parentheses after the chemical formula. Solid, liquid, gas, and aqueous (dissolved in water) are shown as(s,(n,(g), and (aq), respectively.

1.Which of the following is a physical property?

A) ozone reacts with silver to give silver oxide

B) platinum metal does not react with hydrochloric acid

C) the density of lead

E) Sulfur burns in oxygen to form sulfur trioxide

2. Which of the following is a chemical property of gold?

A) is malleable

B) does not react with hydrochloric acid

C) is a good conductor of heat

D) is a good conductor of electricity

3) Which of the following is a physical change?

a) the freezing of water to form ice

B) the inability of gold react with water

C) the burning of paper

D) the sodium metal vigorously with water

E) the reaction of zinc with hydrochloric acid

4. Which one of the following would be classified as a heterogenous mixture?

A) copper nitrate solution

B) mix of table salt and black pepper

C) Salt water

D)brass

E) a sugar solution

5. Which of the following is a chemical change?

A) the boiling of water to form steam

B) crushing of lump of sulfur into yellow powder

C) the reaction of chlorine gas and sodium to form salt

E) hammering zinc into a thin film

6) An extensive property is

A) independent of the quantity of matter observed

B) difficult to measure

C) always strongly dependent on the external conditions

D) dependent on the quantity of matter observed

E) is a unique value regardless of the measurement conditions

7) Which of the following defines or expresses the concepts of accuracy?

A) average of the data

B) differences between the accepted answer and the average value of the data

C) deviation of the average

D) the closest value to the expected answer

E) reproducibility of a measurement

8) Hydrates are:

A) orgainc compounds that contain oxygen together with usual carbon and hydrogen

B) readily soluble in water and release energy

C) concentrated solutions of salts in water

D) moistyre sensitive hygroscopic inorganic salts

E) compounds in which each formula unit has one or more water molecules associated with it

9) Which of the following is the correct defintion of isomer?

A) Isomers are molecules with the same empirical formula but have different isotopes

B) Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but contain different istotopes.

C) Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms in space

D) Isomers are molecules that have the same arrangements of atoms in space but different empirical and molecular formulas

E) Isomes are molecules that have the same empirical formula but different arrangements of atoms in space

10) Most water-soluble compounds of Group 1A or 2A elements are:

A) nonelectrolytes

B) weak electrolyes

C) weak acid

D) strong electrolytes

E) strong acids

11) to precipitate Cd2+(aq) from solution one could add:

A) KI(Aq)

B) NaCl(aq)

C) H2S(aq)

D)HNO3(aq)

E) HCl(aq)

12) Select a statement that best describe the oxidation process

A) in the oxidation process all elements experience an increase in oxidation state

B) in the oxidation process all elements change oxidation state

C) in the oxidation process some elements change their oxidation state

D) in the oxidation process some elements experience oxidation state increase

E) In the oxidation process only oxygen increases its oxidation state.

13. A disproportionation reaction is one in which:

A) the dame substance is oxidized and reduced

B) the equation is not balanced

C) both reactants are reduced

D) water must be added

C) more of one substance reacts than another

14) The energy of molecules of a gas:

A) is the same for all molecules at constant temperture

B) is dependent on concentration

C) increases with an increase in pressure

D) is distributed over a wide rande at constant temperature

E) increase with a decrease in temperture

15. The volume correction term in the van der Waals equation is present because:

A) molecules occupy volume

B) molecules attract each other

C) barometers are inaccurate

D) molecules repel each other

E) molecules are diatomic

Plastics Identification Data Table
Letter Label	Sampleâs Color	Sampleâs Shape	Floats in Water? (Yes/No)	Sinkersâ Boiling Water Results (Note color/shape changes.)	Sinkersâ Acetone Test Results (Note texture changes.)	Floatersâ Alcohol Test Results (Note number of squirts.)	Plastic Type
A
B
C
D
E
F
G

Questions

Why does PP float before HDPE and LDPE in the alcoholâwater solution?

Did any of the four plastics melt in boiling water? (Hint: How does melting differ from softening in plastics?)

When PS reacts with acetone, is this a physical or chemical change? Explain.

What is the approximate density of the alcoholâwater solution that was diluted with water to help identify LDPE from HDPE?

Looking at plastic containers like milk jugs, deli boxes, detergent bottles, soda bottles, and pill vials makes a person wonder whether they are really all that different from one another. The numbers and letters in the recycle codes seem to indicate that the plastics arenât the same, because these codes all refer to different kinds of plastics. For example, HDPE (high-density polyethylene) has the plastics recycling code number 2, while number 3 is used for PVC or V (polyvinyl chloride). An example of the polyethylene terephthalate (PETE) recycle code is shown at right. In this Activity, you will follow a flowchart to determine the identity of all seven recyclable plastics, without their labels; the first separation involves comparing the densities of plastic pieces to water.

A recycling plant may use manual separation of containers by having people visually recognize and remove containers as they travel along a conveyor belt. All of one kind of plastic will be collected at one location in the plant. Automated sorting may use whole containers or cut-up containers, called flake. Flake sorting involves putting the flakes into large containers of water to separate the âfloatersâ from the âsinkersâ. Whole container sorting uses electromagnetic radiation such as visible, near infrared, and X-ray systems. Optical sorting uses visible light to sort containers by color. Containers exposed to near infrared light absorb specific wavelengths and transmit others based on crystallinity of the plastics. Sensors detect the change in wavelength for each container and initiate the sorting by using jets of air to blast a container to a specific location. X-ray systems detect chlorine atoms in PVC. Recycle plants may sort plastics by using a combination of the systems described above or other technologies that are currently being developed.

Try This

You will need: seven kinds of plastic containers with different recycle codes, scissors, two cups or beakers, two stirring rods or wooden craft sticks, room temperature water, 70% isopropyl alcohol, graduated cylinder, acetone, 2 plastic pipets, hot plate with a 400 mL beaker of boiling water (student groups may share the boiling water), tongs, and forceps.

Cut a small, flat piece (1.5 cm Â´ 1.5 cm) from each container (seven total) and start a data table to record the color and shape of each piece as well as the permanent marker letter label (AâG) your instructor previously marked on each container. If two containers are the same color, cut different shapes (triangle, rectangle, circle, etc.) to help with piece identification. Now you are ready to follow the flowchart. Record your observations in the data table as you go along.

Tap Water Test: Place all seven pieces of plastic in a beaker or cup of room temperature tap water. Stir vigorously with a stirring rod or wooden craft stick to dislodge any bubbles from the plastic pieces. Bubbles tend to adhere to plastics. How would this change the apparent density? Observe and record which pieces sink and which float.

70% Alcohol Test: Remove the pieces that float from the water. Add them to a beaker or cup containing about 20 mL of 70% isopropyl alcohol. Stir. Do the pieces sink or float in the 70% alcohol? How does the density of alcohol compare to water?

Using a plastic pipet, add a squirt of tap water to the beaker containing alcohol. Stir. Do any of the pieces begin to float? When adding water to 70% alcohol, how does the density of the solution change? Keep adding squirts of water and stir until one piece floats. According to the flowchart, what is the identity of this plastic? Remove the piece and record your results.

Add more squirts of water until a second piece floats. Remove the piece and record the identity of the second plastic. You can now identify the third piece since it is still sinking.

Boiling Water Test: Place the four pieces that sank in tap water in the beaker of boiling water for a minimum of 30 s. Using tongs, remove them one at a time and test their flexibility, noting their size and color. Record your results. Which plastics can you now identify using the flowchart?

Acetone Test: Place the final two plastic samples in a small amount of acetone for one minute. Record your results.

Check with your instructor to see whether you correctly identified the seven plastics. You are now ready for an unknown. If your unknown floats in the tap water test, you will need to use the known pieces for PP, HDPE, and LDPE along with your unknown to help you with the identification in the 70% alcohol test.

More Things To Try

You might want to explore plastics coded as 7, âotherâ, or âmixedâ with this approach (see the figure at right). The results may be inconclusive because two or more polymers may be used to make these containers, or it might be 95% of one plastic and 5% another so that it will test as one component. Some containers have many additives to give the container a softer texture; some have several coloring agents. These additives will alter the density of the plastic. Another experiment to try is to test whether black microwavable PET dinner trays react like the transparent PET bottles.

CHEM 1211K Lecture 2: chemistry notes chapter one

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