BIO 011 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate, Chief Operating Officer, Lipoprotein
Bio – Chapter 3
Jadzia Wray
H2N CH C
CH2
OH
O
SH
N
N
N
N
NH2
O
HOH
HH
HH
OP
-O
O-
O
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Why do biological molecules look like in 3D?
- Single bonds have no restrictions and can rotate 360 degrees
- Double bonds do not allow the molecule to rotate around. Now it is
planar.
- Chemical bonds and reactive groups dictate structure and function.
Two molecules of the same, but different
Structural isomers: differ in how their atoms are joined together
Two molecules of the same, but different
Cis-trans isomers: different orientation around a double bond.
Double bonds keep the structure more locked.
Optical isomers occur when a carbon atom has four different atoms or groups attached to it (an
asymmetric carbon).
- “oe ioheial oleules that a iteat ith oe optial isoe ae uale to fit the othe
isomer.
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Isomers have the same chemical formula, but the atoms are arranged differently. Pairs of isomers have
different chemical properties.
Monomers Polymers
(Building blocks of the cell) (Larger units of the cell)
Sugars polysaccharides
Fatty acids fats, lipids, membranes
Amino acids proteins
Nucleotides nucleic acids
What kind of chemical bond would you use to hold the polymers together?
- Want to use covalent bonds to hold polymers together because they are the strongest bonds.
Macromolecules make up most of the chemical structure
of the cell.
Carbohydrates (sugars)
- Carbohydrates have the general formula . They are:
o Sources of stored energy
o Used to transport stored energy
o Carbon skeletons for many other molecules
- Many cases where these separate biological pathways intersect.
- Glucose: ring structure helps dictate the function of the sugars
- All cells use glucose as an energy source.
- Exists as a straight chain or ring form. Ring is more common and more stable.
- Ring form exists as which can interconvert.
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Document Summary
Single bonds have no restrictions and can rotate 360 degrees. Double bonds do not allow the molecule to rotate around. Chemical bonds and reactive groups dictate structure and function. Structural isomers: differ in how their atoms are joined together. Cis-trans isomers: different orientation around a double bond. Optical isomers occur when a carbon atom has four different atoms or groups attached to it (an asymmetric carbon). O(cid:373)e (cid:271)io(cid:272)he(cid:373)i(cid:272)al (cid:373)ole(cid:272)ules that (cid:272)a(cid:374) i(cid:374)te(cid:396)a(cid:272)t (cid:449)ith o(cid:374)e opti(cid:272)al iso(cid:373)e(cid:396) a(cid:396)e u(cid:374)a(cid:271)le to (cid:862)fit(cid:863) the othe(cid:396) isomer. Isomers have the same chemical formula, but the atoms are arranged differently. Polymers (building blocks of the cell) (larger units of the cell) Nucleotides polysaccharides fats, lipids, membranes proteins nucleic acids. Want to use covalent bonds to hold polymers together because they are the strongest bonds. Macromolecules make up most of the chemical structure of the cell. They are: sources of stored energy, used to transport stored energy, carbon skeletons for many other molecules.
