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BIOL 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Anaerobic Respiration, Organelle

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pinkcrab56
11 Jun 2020
School
Howard University
Department
BIOL - Biology
Course
BIOL 101
Professor
Gordon Williams

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Document Summary

Looking at other organelle that is so important which is mitochondria. Leaves undergo photosynthesis but plant has to turn glucose into atp. its metabolism is slower so it doesn"t have to produce a lot of atp. Humans cant make glucose. we can only get energy if we eat something that has energy already made. Metabolism starts with glucose but all organic molecules are included. Amino acids come in different stages, as well as fatty acids, nucleic acids arent really used as fuel source. Not every living organism needs miotochondria, but it is inefficient otherwise. All cells can break down sugar into atp. With mitochondria, you can get 36 to 40 atp per glucose. Atp is the battery that fuels protein synthesis and metabolic processes. Bacteria and single celled organisms are fine without mitochondria. Humans wouldn"t be able to produce atp required. Other organisms like bacteria can undergo a higher rate by using nitrogen.

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Related Questions

_____What is added to a molecule such as ADP when it is phosphorylated?

_____ An anaerobic process in which pyruvate is converted to lactate

_____ A biochemical process that breaks down food molecules to produce other molecules for cellular maintenance.

_____What is the final end product of Glycolysis?

_____ Refers to the potential energy provided by a large hydrogen-cation concentration gradient, and it’s movement across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.

_____ A molecule that transfers or shuttles electrons during redox reactions.

_____ An organism that can survive in the presence or absence of oxygen.

_____ A type of enzyme that teams with NAD+ to remove hydrogen atoms with their electrons.

_____ The loss of electrons from one molecule to another.

_____ A process in which ATP is produced using the energy stored in concentration gradients.

_____ The products produced during a biochemical reaction that fall between the starting molecule and the end product.

_____ Biochemical process in which a glucose molecule is degraded to two pyruvates.

_____ Short for “reduction/oxidation” reactions

_____How many pyruvate molecules are produced from a single Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?

_____ The formation of ATP occurring when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic molecule to ADP.

_____ Organisms that will die in the presence of oxygen.

_____ A term referring to the presence of oxygen.

_____ A series of electron-carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

_____ A biochemical process in which pyruvate is produced without the presence of oxygen.

20._____ The metabolic cycle that is fueled by Acetyl CoEnzyme A; occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry energy to the electron transport chain.

_____What is the chemical formula for Cellular Respiration?

_____What environmental condition is necessary for Anaerobic Respiration to occur?

_____Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur in the mitochondria?

_____Where does Glycolysis occur in a cell?

_____ An anaerobic process in which CO2 is released as a byproduct and ethanol is produced as a product.

_____Where does the Krebs cycle occur in the mitochondria?

_____ The gain of electrons from one molecule to another.

_____ A high-energy fuel molecule that begins the Citric Acid Cycle.

_____What condition is necessary of Aerobic Respiration to occur?

_____ A term referring to the absence of oxygen.

_____What compound is derived from B vitamins, and helps the Acetyl portion of Acetyl CoA into the Krebs Cycle?

_____What is the name of the molecule that channels protons, providing the energy necessary to phosphorylate ADP to ATP?

_____In the blank, write the number of ATP’s that can be synthesized from 3 NADH molecules.

_____In the blank, write the number of ATP’s that can be synthesized from a single FADH2 molecule.

_____What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

_____What molecule is regenerated during the process of the Krebs Cycle?

_____What enzyme is used to catalyzed the reaction that occurs during the formation of Acetyl CoA?

_____How many pyruvates are produced from a single glucose molecule?

_____How many Acetyl CoA molecules are produced from a single glucose molecule?

_____What is the reduced form of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide?

_____What is the oxidized form of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide?

42._____ A membrane protein that is used in conjunction with chemiosmosis to produced ATP.

I know that this alot of questions, but it's kinda a last ditch effort. these are the last 42 definitions i have left to answer out of 500 question for my final exam study guide. so whatever help i can get is fine. No explanations needed just what each definition is explaining and thanks in advance ladies and gentlemen.

Microbiology Unit 2 Applied and Environmental Assignment Part 1:

Identify Nutritional requirements from Chapter 6 & 14 (and review from chapters 1 & 2)

1. Determine which of the 4 macromolecules require the following elements:

a. Carbon: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

b. Nitrogen: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

c. Sulfur: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

2. The essential elements mentioned above are cycled through cells and the earth in biogeochemical cycles like the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, and the sulfur cycle. Select the correct answer and fill in the blanks to summarize these cycles:

a. Carbon dioxide is taken in from the atmosphere by [autotrophs/heterotrophs] and converted to glucose through carbon ________________. When heterotrophs eat autotrophs they catabolize glucose to make ATP through __________________ and waste carbon is released as ___________.

b. There is plenty of nitrogen available in the atmosphere but it is not accessible to organisms because it is in the form of Nitrogen gas (N2). N2 is fixed by [bacteria/plants/animals] and converted to ammonia (NH3.) NH3 can be used by [bacteria/plants/animals] to build their cells. Next, by consuming food with amino acids, [bacteria/plants/animals] can get access to nitrogen for their own cellular needs.

c. There is also a good quantity of sulfur in dirt, rocks, and the atmosphere. Sulfur cycles between H2S => S0 => SO4 => SH groups in Proteins => back to H2S. Using _________________ respiration, anoxygenic photosynthesis, and chemolithoautotrophy [bacteria/plants/animals] convert H2S and S0 to SO4 which is taken in by [bacteria/plants/animals] and used to build their cells. When [bacteria/plants/animals] eat plants they take in essential amino acids containing sulfur and recycle these to make their own proteins.

d. _________________ break down waste and dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the cycles.

*The C and N are summarized here: https://youtu.be/2D7hZpIYlCA and https://youtu.be/leHy-Y_8nRs

3. Identify the main metabolic classifications:

A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and its energy from sunlight

A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and its energy from reduced inorganic chemicals

A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon and energy

A microbe that uses organic carbon from others but energy from sunlight

Please help me with my microbiology assignment.

1. Asbestosis is a disease that results in damage to the lungsbecause (there may be more than one answer)

a. the asbestos gets broken down by the lysosomes

b. the asbestos gets broken down by the lysosomes

c. the lysosomes that absorb the asbestos release enzymes thatkill the lung tissue cells

d. the lung tissue becomes scarred and can nolonger function tobring oxygen into the blood

2. Which of the phases of cellular respiration breaks down theglucose molecule?

a. glycolysis

b. transition reaction

c. citric acid cycle

d. electron transport chain

3. Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasmamembrane?

a. allows all substances to enter the cell

b. helps bind cells to eachother so that they can form tissuesand organs

c. allows the cell to recognize other cells

d. allows cells to "talk" to eachother

4. Which of the following mechanisms of transport across thecell requires energy?

a. osmosis

b. endocytosis

c. facilitated diffusion

d. active transport

5. Which of the following organelles acts as the "powerhouse" ofthe cell, i.e. it produces the cell's energy.

a. nucleus

b. mitochondria

c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

d. rough endoplasmic reticulum

6. Figure 3.9 in your textbook demonstrates what happens to ared blood cell when it is put into varying solutions. The bags inthe beakers represent a single red blood cell.

What happens to a red blood cell when it is put into ahypertonic solution?

a. stays the same and is fully functional

b. shrinks and no longer functions the way it's supposed to

c. gets larger and no longer functions the way it's supposedto

d. the shape stays the same but the red blood cell is no longerfunctional

7. Which of the following real-life situations would result inthe blood (note that this is referring to the liquid part of theblood, not the blood cells - the accurate name for this wouldactually be "blood plasma") becoming too hypotonic?

a. getting stranded in the middle of a dessert and becomingseverely dehydrated

b. drinking gatorade to replenish fluids during a basketballgame

c. drinking too much water so that your body can't get rid ofthe water quickly enough to maintain the appropriate blood plasmatonicity

d. being stranded in the middle of the ocean, drinking the saltyocean water

8. The golgi complex acts as the "UPS" of the cell - itprocesses and packages materials and sends them to theirdestinations.

True

False

9. The lysosome acts as the "stomach" of the cell; it digestsparticles that are no longer needed in the cell or have been takenup into the cell to be broken down.

True

False

10. We need oxygen to survive because oxygen is needed to breakdown glucose to form ATP. When we are deprived of oxygen, our cellssuddenly stop producing ATP and we can only survive for a fewminutes with whatever ATP remains in our cells.

True

False