FCS 224 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Otitis, Working Poor, Asian Americans
22 Jun 2018
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Chapter 3
Gender and Families
I. Sex V. Gender
a. Sex
a.i. Biological characteristics
a.ii. 1st trimester- sex organs identical
a.iii. 2nd trimester- presence of androgens male genitals
b. Gender
b.i. Social and cultural characteristics
b.i.1. How one dresses, behaves, identifies, etc.
c. so, when we want to know if someone is biologically male or female, we should
be asking about their sex not their gender.
c.i. These terms are often generally used interchangeably
II. Terms
a. Sex roles
a.i. Biological constraints associated with one’s sex
a.i.1. Examples:
a.i.1.a. women can breastfeed because they lactate
a.i.1.b. women give birth
a.i.1.c. men fertilize an egg because they produce sperm
b. gender roles
b.i. social norms, behaviors assigned to men and women
b.i.1. what is appropriate for males? For females?
b.i.1.a. “Men work, women stay at home with the kids”
c. gender identity
c.i. psychological state of viewing oneself as a boy or a girl (man or women)
d. gender expression
d.i. how one expresses their gender identity
d.ii. external characteristics, behaviors
d.ii.1. examples:
d.ii.1.a. dress, mannerisms, speech, grooming, etc.
e. gender non-conforming/ gender variant
e.i. people who “bend” gender in some way and/or have non-binary gender
identities (behave/ dress like male and female)
f. transgender
f.i. biological sex does not match gender identity
g. masculine
g.i. set of characteristics society defines as typical of males
h. feminine
h.i. characteristics defined by society as typical of females
i. androgynous
i.i. blend of stereotypical masculine and feminine traits
III. BEM sex role inventory
IV. Take a moment to consider
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a. Behaviors appropriate for men
a.i. Strong, upfront, respectful, hard working, provides for his family
b. Emotions appropriate for men
b.i. Strong, mean, confident
c. Expectations society have for men
c.i. To take care and provide for women
c.ii. Have manly jobs
d. Behaviors appropriate for women
d.i. Care for children, clean, take care of the house
e. Emotions appropriate for women
e.i. Happy, outgoing, caring, loving
f. Expectations society has for women
f.i. Stay at home
f.ii. Take care of kids
f.iii. Clean
V. Gender roles
a. The lists you came up with are comprised of gender roles
b. If you look back at the Bem Sex Role Inventory, you will notice characteristics
that are typically associated with males and females
c. Traditional gender roles for me:
c.i. Dominant, competitive, non-emotional, etc. and the breadwinners
d. Traditional gender roles for women:
d.i. Emotional, submissive, nurturing, etc. and caretakers
e. Positive and negative consequences?
e.i. Negative: they’re permitted to do what they are known for
e.i.1. Seen as different if they go against the gender roles
VI. Negative Consequences of Traditional Female Gender Role Socialization for females
a. Less income à more dependence
a.i. Occupational sex segregation
a.ii. More priority on children/family
b. Higher STD/HIV infection risk (because they do not insist on safe sex, more
submissive)
c. Negative body image (desire “ideal” body shape, etc., place emphasis on
beauty/youth)
d. Less marital satisfaction (as reported by the women, believed to be linked to less
power & inequitable division of household labor/child care)
VII. Positive Consequences of Traditional Female Gender Role Socialization for females
a. Longer life expectancy
b. Stronger relationship focus (versus being focused on career, etc.)
c. Keep relationships on track (try to repair relationship, communicate, etc.)
d. Bond with children
e. Identity not tied to job
VIII. Negative Consequences of Traditional Male gender Role Socialization For males
a. Identity tied to occupation (if lose job, lose a big chunk of their identity)
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b. Limited emotional expression (because men are not supposed to be emotional)
c. Fear of intimacy/more lonely
d. Custody disadvantages (not as involved in parenting)
e. Shorter life (higher stress, less likely to get medical care)
IX. Positive Consequences of Traditional Male gender Role Socialization For males
a. Higher income/social status
b. More positive self-concept
c. Less job discrimination
d. Freedom of movement
e. More potential partners
f. Norm of initiating relationships
g. Happier marriage (as reported by the men, not their spouse)
X. Influences on Gender: Socialization Agents (Where do we learn gender?)
a. Family –
a.i. influenced by parents’ values
a.ii. boys raised with sisters are more likely to be feminine than those raised
with all brothers
a.iii. teen girls whose mothers work have less traditional gender
b. Ethnicity –
b.i. African American families tend to be less traditional
b.ii. Asian families tend to be more traditional
c. Peers –
c.i. teach us what is appropriate
c.ii. “punish” for behavior that does not conform
d. Religion –
d.i. more religious individuals à more traditional gender role values/beliefs &
behaviors
d.ii. some religions are more traditional than others
e. –
e.i. teachers tend to reward gender conforming behavior & have gender-based
expectations
f. Economy –
f.i. some gender segregation in occupations still exists
f.ii. women have more incentive to enter male jobs than males to enter female
jobs (female jobs pay less)
g. Media –
g.i. stereotypes portrayed in shows/movies (behavior, appearance, body type,
etc.)
g.ii. communicates expectations for males & females
XI. “Doing Gender”
a. Concept identified by West & Zimmerman (1987)
a.i. Asserts that we “do gender” everyday
a.ii. Our interactions reinforce gender “differences” between males and
females
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Document Summary
2nd trimester- presence of androgens male genitals: gender b. i. How one dresses, behaves, identifies, etc. c. so, when we want to know if someone is biologically male or female, we should be asking about their sex not their gender. c. i. Take a moment to consider: behaviors appropriate for men a. i. Strong, upfront, respectful, hard working, provides for his family: emotions appropriate for men b. i. Strong, mean, confident: expectations society have for men c. i. To take care and provide for women c. ii. Have manly jobs: behaviors appropriate for women d. i. Care for children, clean, take care of the house: emotions appropriate for women e. i. Happy, outgoing, caring, loving: expectations society has for women f. i. Gender roles: the lists you came up with are comprised of gender roles b. If you look back at the bem sex role inventory, you will notice characteristics that are typically associated with males and females: traditional gender roles for me: c. i.
