NUR 239 Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Body Fluid, Bronchiole, Blood Vessel
21 May 2018
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NUR 239/Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapeutics in Nursing I
Unit 4/Porth Chapters 21 and 23
Complete the following study guide and submit on Reggie Net by the due date on the Course Calendar
Key Terms (Porth Chapter 21 – Control of Respiratory Function)
▪ Conducting Airways
o Consist of nasal passages, mouth and pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
▪ Respiratory Airways
o Lungs → functional structures of respiratory system
▪ Mucociliary blanket
o
▪ Pleura
o Thin double-layered closed sac
▪ Pleural Effusion
o Fluid in pleural cavity
▪ Lung Distensibility
o Ease with which the lungs can be inflated
▪ Lung Stiffness
o Resistance to stretch or inflation
▪ Lung Recoil
o How easily they get back to the original shape
▪ Surfactant
o Surface tension-lowering molecules that line the inner surface of the alveoli
▪ Ventilation
o The exchange of gases within the respiratory system
▪ Perfusion
o Describes the flow of blood through the gas exchange portion of the lung
▪ Diffusion
o Takes place in respiratory portions of the lung and refers to the movement of gases across the
alveolar-capillary membrane
▪ Dead Space
o Air supply exceeds blood flow
▪ Shunt
o To divert or bypass bodily fluid from one channel, path, or part to another; a passage or
anastomosis between two natural channels, especially between blood vessels, established by
surgery or occurring as an abnormality
▪ Oxyhemoglobin
o Hemoglobin with bound oxygen
▪ Affinity
o Hemoglobin’s ablility to bind oxygen
▪ Dyspnea
o SOB
Key Learning Objectives - Answer the follow questions (Porth Chapter 21 – Control of Respiratory Function):
▪ Names the parts of the conducting airway.
o Nasal passages, mouth & pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi &bronchioles
▪ What effect does cigarette smoking have on the cilia in the conducting airways? What chronic disorders
may develop?
o It slows down or paralyzes the motility of cilia
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
NUR 239/Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapeutics in Nursing I
Unit 4/Porth Chapters 21 and 23
Complete the following study guide and submit on Reggie Net by the due date on the Course Calendar
o Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
▪ How much water is used daily to humidify the air we breathe? What is the effect on this process when you
have a fever or are dehydrated?
o 1 pint
o Fever→ water vapor in the lungs increases, causing more water to be lost through respiratory tract
▪ Describe the function of the glottis and epiglottis.
o Speech involves intermittent release of expired air an opening and closing of the glottis
o Epiglottis→ large, leaf-shaped piece of cartilage that is covered with epithelium; helps route
liquids and foods into esophagus
▪ Name the parts of the tracheobronchial airways. How many levels of branching are there?
o Trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
o 23 levels of branching
▪ Why is middle lobe bronchus vulnerable to complication?
o It’s relatively small in diameter and length & sometimes bends sharply near its bifurcation
▪ In figure 21.6, describe the differences between the bronchus, bronchioles and the alveolus.
o Bronchus → mucous blanket, cilia, goblet cell, pseudostratified epithelium, smooth muscle cells,
mucous gland, submucosal connective tissue, cartilage
o Bronchiole → cuboidal epithelium
o Alveolus → type II alveolar cell, type I alveolar cell, capillary
▪ The lungs have several functions in addition to gas exchange, describe the other function.
o Inactivate vasoactive substances such as bradykinin, convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II, serve
as a reservoir for blood storage
▪ Describe the functions of pulmonary and bronchial circulation.
o Pulmonary circulation removes thromboemboli from circulation, functions as a metabolic organ,
and serves as a blood reservoir for left side of heart
o Bronchial circulation provides blood supply for conducting airways and supporting structures of
the lung, and warms/humidifies incoming air as it moves through conducting airways
▪ The bronchial blood vessels can undergo angiogenesis. Describe the process and the benefit.
o Formation of new vessels → develop collateral circulation when vessels in the pulmonary
circulation are obstructed
o This helps keep lung tissue alive until pulmonary circulation can be restored
▪ Describe how the lungs are innervated. Are there pain fibers in the lungs? Describe the effects of both
branches of the autonomic nervous system.
o Innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of ANS
o Parasympathetic fibers → derived from vagal nerves (excitatory neurons that respond to
acetylcholine → airway constriction, blood vessel dilation, and increased glandular secretion)
o Sympathetic fibers → originate in upper thoracic and cervical ganglia (responds to catecholamines
norepinephrine and epinephrine → bronchodilation)
o Both form pulmonary plexuses that enter the lung in the region of the hilus
▪ At what level of spinal cord injury would a patient require mechanic ventilation (p. 521)?
o Above C3
▪ Name all the muscles involved in inspiration and expiration (p. 521 – 522).
o Inspiration – diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, scalence muscles and sternocledomastoid
muscles
o Expiration—abdominal and internal interncostal muscles
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Complete the following study guide and submit on reggie net by the due date on the course calendar. What chronic disorders may develop: it slows down or paralyzes the motility of cilia. How many levels of branching are there: trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, 23 levels of branching, why is middle lobe bronchus vulnerable to complication, it"s relatively small in diameter and length & sometimes bends sharply near its bifurcation. Complete the following study guide and submit on reggie net by the due date on the course calendar: what effect does a bronchospasm have on the bronchioles of the lungs? (p. 515-517/tracheobronchial. Airways: describe the elastic properties of lung compliance (p. 523 524). What conditions interfere with this reflex: initiated by receptors located in the tracheobronchial wall, receptors that are extremely sensitive to irritating substances and the presence of excess secretions. Key learning objectives - answer the follow questions (porth chapter 23 disorders of ventilation and gas.
